Study Guide: Cell Biology (Unit 6)

Front 1

Cell

Back 1

the smallest unit that can perform all life processes.

Front 2

All organisms are made out of them

Back 2

Why are cells important?

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Robert Hooke

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The first person to describe cells in 1665, shortly after the invention of the microscope.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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Scientist that made his own microscope, looked at pond scum, and saw small organisms in the water

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Protists

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Single-celled organisms in the water. (pond scum)

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1st Law

Back 6

All organisms are made of one or more cells

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2nd Law

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The cell is the basic unit of all living things

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3rd Law

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All cells come from existing cells

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Membrane

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A protective layer that covers the cell's surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of the cell and the cell's external environment. It also controls fluid going into and out of the cell.

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Cytoplasm

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The fluid inside the cell

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Organelles

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The small bodies in a cell's cytoplasm that are specialized to perform a specific function.

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Nucleus

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The command center of a eukaryotic cell. It contains the cell's DNA (the source code of life) and plays a major role in processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

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Prokaryote

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An organism that consists of a single cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

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Bacteria

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The world's smallest cells and the most common type of prokaryotes. They live almost anywhere and have both DNA and a cell wall

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Archaea

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Prokaryotes that have organelles that are similar to eukaryotes. They are able to live in extreme environments that other organisms could, like deep-sea volcanic vents.

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Eukaryotes

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Organisms that are made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane. All living things that are not bacteria or archaea are made of one or more eukaryotic cells.

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Cell Wall

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A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell. The ones in plant cells allow plants to stand upright.

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Cell Membrane

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a protective barrier that encloses a cell. It contains proteins, lipids, and phospholipids.

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Lipids

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Fat and cholesterol

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Phospholipids

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Lipids that contain phosphorous

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Cytoskeleton

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A web of proteins in the cytoplasm that acts as both a muscle and a skeleton. It keeps the cell's membranes from collapsing, and also helps some cells move.

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Ribosomes

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Organelles that make proteins in the cells. They are the smallest of all organelles. All cells need protein to live, therefore all cells have these.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)

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a system of folded membranes that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.

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Golgi complex

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the organelle that packages and distributes proteins and lipids.

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Vesicles

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small bubbles that surround material that is to be moved into, out of, or around a cell.

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Mitochondrion

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"The _____ is the powerhouse of the cell! The double-membraned organelle in which sugar is broken down to produce energy.

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Chloroplasts

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organelles in plant and algae cells in which photosynthesis takes place.

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Lysosomes

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organelles that contain digestive enzymes and are responsible for digestion inside a cell. They destroy worn-out or damaged organelles, get rid of waste materials, and protect the cell from foreign invaders. These are found mainly in animal cells.

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Vacuoles

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Large vesicles that act like large lysosomes in plant and fungal cells. They also store water and other liquids in plant cells

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✓

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✓ I know three 'advantages' to being multicellular

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Tissue

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A group of cells that work together to perform a specific job

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Organ

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A structure that is made of two or more tissues working together to perform a specific function. (Remember; they do not always have to be made of the same type of tissue.)

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Organ system

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a group of organs working together to perform a specific function.

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Organism

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Anything that can perform life processes by itself

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Structure

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The arrangement of parts in an organism. It includes the shape of a part and the material of which the part is made.

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Function

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The job the part does.