Study Cards - L&c Exam 1 - Chapter 5

Front 1

What kind of memory focuses on things that happened to you personally?

Back 1

Episodic memory

Front 2

What kind of memory describes your organized knowledge about the world?

Back 2

Semantic memory

Front 3

What kind of memory includes knowledge about words and other factual information?

Back 3

Semantic memory again

Front 4

What kind of memory is knowledge of how to do something?

Back 4

Procedural memory

Front 5

What is it called when you process information and represent it in your memory?

Back 5

encoding

Front 6

What is locating and accessing information called?

Back 6

Retrieval

Front 7

What kind of encoding leads to better recall?

Back 7

deep, meaningful encoding

Front 8

What two factors of deep level processing encourage recall?

Back 8

distinctiveness and elaboration

Front 9

What is the word for when a stimulus is different from other memories?

Back 9

distinctiveness

Front 10

What requires rich processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts?

Back 10

elaboration

Front 11

What is the self-reference effect?

Back 11

you will remember more information if you relate it back to yourself

Front 12

What are the two requirements for self-reference?

Back 12

organization and elaboration

Front 13

Recall is better if .... ?

Back 13

the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding

Front 14

What is the principle that states that recall is better if the context during encoding is similar to the context during retrieval?

Back 14

the encoding-specificity principle

Front 15

In what kind of task must the participants judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time?

Back 15

recognition task

Front 16

In what kind of task must the participants reproduce items they learned earlier?

Back 16

recall task

Front 17

What kind of memory task is an essay test?

Back 17

recall task

Front 18

what kind of memory task is a multiple choice test?

Back 18

recognition

Front 19

T/F: we typically remember unpleasant stimuli more accurately than other stimuli

Back 19

FALSE! We typically remember PLEASANT stimuli more accurately than other stimuli

Front 20

What is the effect in which our mood matches the emotional nature of material we are trying to remember?

Back 20

mood congruence

Front 21

What effect does mood congruence have on our accuracy of remembering something?

Back 21

mood congruence increases accuracy of remembering

Front 22

What is the difference between emotions and mood?

Back 22

emotions are reactions to a specific stimulus, while mood is a more long-lasting experience

Front 23

What principle states that we process pleasant items more efficiently and accurately than less pleasant items?

Back 23

Pollyanna Principle

Front 24

T/F: people tend to rate unpleasant past events more positively with the passage of time

Back 24

TRUE: this is called the positivity effect

Front 25

What kind of memory task requires you to intentionally retrieve information you previously learned??

Back 25

Explicit Memory Task

Front 26

What is an implicit memory task?

Back 26

One that requires you to remember material shown to you in a different phase of testing

Front 27

what is the name for the task in which recent exposure to a word increases the likelihood that you'll think of that word when given a cue that could evoke many different words?

Back 27

the repetition priming task

Front 28

What occurs when a variable has large effects on test A, but little or no effects on test B?

Back 28

dissociation

Front 29

what occurs when a variable has one kind of effect if measured by test A, and the opposite effect if measured by Test B?

Back 29

dissociation, again

Front 30

Do people with anxiety disorders remember threatening words more or less accurately than those without anxiety disorders?

Back 30

people with anxiety disorders remember threatening words very accurately compared to people without these disorders.

Front 31

What is loss of memory for events that occurred BEFORE brain damage?

Back 31

retrograde amnesia

Front 32

The deficit for retrograde amnesia is more sever for events that occurred....?

Back 32

during the years just before the damage

Front 33

What is anterograde amnesia?

Back 33

loss of the ability to FORM memories for events that have occurred after brain damage

Front 34

what do people who demonstrate impressive memory abilities, as well as consistently exceptional performance on representative tasks in a particular area, have?

Back 34

expertise

Front 35

What is the phenomenon called in which individuals are more accurate in identifying members of their own ethnic group than members of another ethnic group?

Back 35

own-ethnicity bias

Front 36

How is the own-ethnicity bias related to expertise?

Back 36

people typically have more opportunities to interact with individuals from their own ethnic group, rather than other ethnic groups; expertise can develop with frequent experiences and interactions.

Front 37

What is autobiographical memory?

Back 37

your memory for events and issues related to yourself.

Front 38

What can impact the accuracy of autobiographical memories?

Back 38

schema, consistency bias, source monitoring, flashbulb memories

Front 39

What is retroactive interference?

Back 39

people have trouble recalling old material because some recently learned, new material keeps interfering with old memories

Front 40

What is the term for when people first witness an event, then are given misleading information about the event, which leads them to mistakenly recall the misleading information instead of what they actually saw?

Back 40

post-event misinformation effect

Front 41

What is the process of trying to identify the origin of a particular memory, called?

Back 41

source monitoring

Front 42

those memories of circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event are called?

Back 42

flashbulb memories

Front 43

what kind of memories examine some especially vivid memories for important events?

Back 43

flashbulb memories again

Front 44

what is the effect in which people have trouble recalling old material because some recently learned new material keeps interfering with old memories

Back 44

retroactive interference

Front 45

what approach is based on the idea that we construct knowledge by integrating what we know?

Back 45

constructivist approach

Front 46

what does the constructivist approach result in?

Back 46

coherent understanding of a topic

Front 47

What occurs when a person reports information that was not among a set of original materials?

Back 47

intrusion error

Front 48

List the 8 factors that can affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

Back 48

1. own ethnicity bias

2. faulty source monitoring

3. post-event misinformation effect

4. proactive interference

5. retroactive interference

6. weapons effect

7. memory confidence