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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What term describes the acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge? |
cognition |
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What is the term for knowledge and control of cognitive processes? |
meta-cognition |
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what helps to supervise the way one selects and uses memory strategies? |
meta-cognition, again |
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In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, what is the storage system that records information from each of the senses? |
sensory memory is a storage system that records information from each of the senses |
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In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, some material from sensory memory passes on to ________? |
short-term memory |
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What is the fragile holding place for a small amount of information that can lose memories within 30 seconds unless repeated? |
short-term memory again |
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T/F: long-term memory has a very small capacity |
FALSE - Long term memory has an enormous capacity, because it contains memories that are decades old as well as those that occurred only minutes ago! |
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T/F: Long term memory is relatively permanent |
True - long term memory is relatively permanent |
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A study is high in ________ if the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting where the results will be applied? |
ecological validity |
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What combines the research techniques of cognitive psychology with various methods for assessing the structure and function of the brain? |
cognitive neuroscience |
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What type of imaging measures and visually records blood flow in the brain? |
PET scan - (Positron Emission Topography) |
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is used to..? |
examine regions of the brain that process visual information |
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What kind of imaging uses a doughnut-shaped magnet that produces changes in oxygen atoms in the brain? |
fMRI |
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In this kind of processing, the system must complete one step before it can proceed to the next step |
serial processing |
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in this kind of processing, numerous signals are handled at one time |
parallel processing |
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In the connectionist approach, cognitive processes can be understood in terms of...? |
networks that link together neuron-like units |
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What kind of processing emphasizes the importance of information from the stimuli registered on sensory receptors? |
bottom-up |
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what kind of processing emphasizes how our concepts, expectations, and memory influence our cognitive processes? |
top-down |
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T/F: the cognitive processes are passive |
FALSE - Theme 1 : the cognitive processes are active, not passive |
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T/F: the cognitive processes are remarkably efficient and accurate |
TRUE |
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T/F: the cognitive processes handle negative information better than positive information |
FALSE: The cognitive processes handle positive information better than negative information |
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T/F: The cognitive processes operate in isolation |
FALSE: The cognitive processes do not operate in isolation |
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T/F: The cognitive processes are interrelated with one another |
TRUE |
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Who examined topics such as perception, memory, and mental imagery? |
Aristotle |
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Who studied humans' acquisition of knowledge through experience and observation? |
Aristotle |
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Who was the founder of psychology? |
Wundt |
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Who proposed that psychology should study mental processes? |
Wundt |
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What is the technique of studying mental processes in psychology called? |
introspection |
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Who was the first person to scientifically study human memory? |
Ebbinghaus |
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Who studied several factors that might influence performance? |
Ebbinghaus |
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What is an example of factors that might influence performance? |
time between presentations |
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Who founded the recency effect? |
calkins |
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What is a theoretical paradigm in sociology, anthropology, linguistics, and semiotics positing that elements of human culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure? |
structuralism |
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What is the tendency for items at the beginning of a list to be recalled better than items in the middle of a list called? |
Primacy effect |
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What is the observation called that our recall of items at the end of the list is better than in the middle? |
recency effect |
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Who studied everyday psychological experiences? |
William James |
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Who was the most prominent early advocate of behaviorism? |
John B. Watson |
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What is behaviorism? |
an approach to psychology that focuses on objective, observable reactions to stimuli in the environment |
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Who studied human memory? |
Barlett |
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Who proposed that the human brain is an active constructive process? |
Barlett |
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Who was one of the first to realize that our memories are neither passive nor infallible? |
Barlett |
