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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lazzaro Spallanzani
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proved microbes from air could be killed by boiling them
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Francesco Redi
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1st who successfully disproved spontaneous generation using decaying meat
used unsealed meat used sealed meat and then put a fine net |
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Rudolf Virchow
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concept of biogenesis : living cells can arise only from other living cells
1st to recognize leukemia |
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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1st to observe live microbes through magnifying lens
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Robert Hooke
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used magnifying lens introduced term "CELL"
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system of nomenclature
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naming of organisms
established in 1735 by Carolus Linnaeus Genus: first name and ALWAYS capitalized species: specific epithet referred by both genus/specific epithet and both names are underlined or italicized |
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bacteria
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cell walls contain a protein-carbohydrate complex called peptidoglycan
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Archaea
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cell walls, if present, lack peptidoglycan
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Protists
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Eukarya
slime molds protozoa algae |
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Fungi
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Eukarya
unicellular yeasts multicellular molds mushrooms |
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Plants
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Eukarya
mosses ferns conifers and flowering plants |
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bacteriology
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study of bacteria
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mycology
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study of molds and fungi
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parasitology
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study of parasites
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immunology
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study of Ag/Ab status
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virology
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study of virus
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3 basic bacterial shapes
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bacillus: rod like
Coccus: spherical/round spiral: corkscrew or curved |
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methanogens
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Archaea
produce methane gas nonpathogenic bacteria |
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extreme halophiles
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halo = salt
philic = loving |
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extreme thermophiles
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thermo = heat
philic = loving |
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Fungi
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eukaryotic(defined nucleus, containing DNA, nuclear envelop)
multicellular but may be unicellular nutrients abosorbing organic nutrients from environment 1. yeast unicellular;budding 2.molds multicellular long intertwined chains if cells |
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protozoa
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proto: first zoa:animals
unicellular eukaryotes classified by how they move absorb/ingest nutrients from environment reproduce asexually or sexually free living parasite |
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Algae
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photosynthetic eukaryotes
walls contain cellulose obtain nutrients through photosynthesis( need light, h2o,Co2) |
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Viruses
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non-living or non-cellular
too small to be seen without electron microscope host-obligated intracellular parasite consist of DNA or RNA core (not both) surround by a capsid =protien wall some contain envelop but not all |
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multicellular animal parasite
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not strictly microbes
helminths(parasite worms) general types : round- Ascaris flat worm- cestoda |
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cell theory
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all living things are composed of cells
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spontaneous generation
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life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter
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biogensis
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belief that living things only arose from pre-existing living cells
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Ignaz Semmelweis
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1st physician to encourage hand-washing in chlorine water to prevent disease
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John Snow
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considered the father of epidemiology
cause and effect traced the cholera outbreak to the municipal water supply in England |
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Louis Pasteur
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disproved spontaneous generation
demonstrated microbes are found in the air and offered proof of biogenesis developed aseptic technique developed pasteurization process of milk and identified fermentation |
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Joseph Lister
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use of gloves during surgery
used carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments |
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Robert Koch
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developed Koch's postulates
related specific organisms to specific diseases established a firm foundation of Germ Theory |
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Edward Jenner
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developed vaccine for smallpox
lead to first vaccination, considered father of immunology |
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micrometer
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10^6m
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resolution power(resolving power)
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the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points
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refractive index
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the light-bending ability of a medium (stain)
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smear
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thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide
smear is usually fixed to attach the microbes to the slide and to kill the microbes |
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simple stain
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basic dye
cellular shapes and basic structures mordant used to hold stain or coat specimen to enlarge it mordant is chemical additive to intensify stain |
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differential stain : Gram stain
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classifies into gram-positive or gram-negative
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gram positive
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tend to be killed by penicillin and detergents
turns purple |
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gram negative
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bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics
turns pink/red |
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prokaryote
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one circular chromosome, not in a membrane
no organelles peptidoglycan cell walls binary fission |
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eukaryote
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paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
organelles polysaccharide cell walls mitotic spindle |
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average size
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0.2-1um
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glycocalyx
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sticky sugar coat
capsule is organized slime layer is unorganized and loose extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach ex teeth capsules prevent phagocytosis |
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flagella (whip)
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outside cell wall
made of chains of flagellin attached to a protein hook anchored to the wall and membrane by basal body |
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flagella
atrichous |
without projections
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flagella
peritrichous |
distributed over the entire cell
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flagella
polar |
at one or both poles or ends of the cell
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flagella
monotrichous |
a single flagellum at one pole
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flagella
lophotrichous |
a tuft of flagella coming from one pole
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flagella
amphitrichous |
flagella at both poles of the cell
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taxis
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move toward or away from stimuli
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axial filaments
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in spirochetes
anchored at one end of a cell rotation causes cell to move endoflagella ex.: treponema pallidum |
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fimbriae
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allow attachment
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pili
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used to transfer DNA from one cell to another
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cell wall
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prevents osmotic lysis
made of peptidoglycan |
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peptidoglycan
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linked by polypeptides
polymer of disaccharide ( NAG- N-acetylglucosamine and NAM- N-acetylmuramic acid) |
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gram positive cell wall
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thick peptidoglycan usually many layers
teichoic acid (alcohol and phosphate) in acid-fast cells, contains mycolic acid |
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gram negative cell wall
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thin peptidoglycan usually only one layer
no teichoic acids outer membrane ( consists of lipopolysaccharide; provides barrier to some antibiotics; may prevent phagocytosis) form endotoxin= part of cell wall porins (proteins) from channels through membrane |
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passive diffusion
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movement of liquid from high to low concentration without energy
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active diffusion
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movement from low to high concentration with energy
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simple diffusion
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movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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facilitative diffusion
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solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane
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osmosis
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movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water
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osmotic pressure
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the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane
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isotonic
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concentration of solute inside cell = to outside cell
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hypotonic
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lower concentration of solute outside of cell than inside cell
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hypertonic
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higher solute concentration outside of cell than inside cell
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plasmids
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circular extra chromosomal genetic elements
replicate independently of DNA may allow for: antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, production of toxins, synthesis of enzymes, can be transferred from one bacteria to another used for gene manipulation in biotechnology |
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inclusions- energy storage
metachromatic granules (volutin) |
phosphate reserves
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inclusions- energy storage
polysaccharide granules |
energy reserves
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inclusions- energy storage
lipid inclusions |
energy reserves
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inclusions- energy storage
sulfur granules |
energy reserves
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inclusions-energy storage
carboxysomes |
ribulose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation
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inclusions-energy storage
gas vacuoles |
protein covered cylinders
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inclusion-energy storage
magnetosomes |
iron oxide (destroys H2O2)
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spores
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resting cell
resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals BACILLUS, CLOSTRIDIUM sporulation = spore formation germination = return to vegetative state |
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catabolism
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energy releasing or degradative releases heat
breaks down into smaller units |
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anabolism
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requires energy to occur (ATP)
combines simple substances to form complex larger molecules also called biosynthetic reactions |
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enzymes
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speed up reaction without entering into reaction
lower activation energy required for reaction to begin are globular proteins but NOT always reusable work on specific substrates operate at low temps name usually ends in ase |
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ATP
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chemical energy for cells
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oxidation
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energy releasing process
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reduction
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energy STORING process
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glycolysis
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fuel = glucose
location = cytoplasm net atp = 2 products = pyruvic acid ( used in ETS) reaction type = anaerobic |
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Kerb's cycle
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fuel = pyruvic acid
location = mitochondria net atp = 2 products = ATP, e*, CO2, e* carriers reaction type = aerobic |
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electron transport system
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fuel = e* and hydrogen
location = mitochondria net atp = 34 products = H20 and ATP reaction type = aerobic |
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fermentation
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partial breakdown of glucose
releases energy from sugar by oxidation does not require O2 produces small amount of ATP causes food spoilage |
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metabolic diversity
two main energy classes |
phototrophs- use light (photosynthesis)
chemotrophs- use redox reaction ( cell respiration) |
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metabolic diversity
two main carbon classes |
autotrophs- self feeders
heterotrophs- feeds on others |
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metabolic diversity
combined energy and carbon sources |
photoautotrophs
chemoautrophs |
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photoautrtroph
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carbon source = CO2
energy source = light |
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photoheterotroph
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carbon source = organic molecules
energy source = light |
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chemoautotroph
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carbon source = CO2
energy source = inorganic molecules |
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chemoheterotroph
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carbon source = organic molecules
light source = organic molecules |
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growth requirements
physical |
temp, pH, osmotic pressure
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growth requirements
chemical |
carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, trace elements, oxygen, organic growth factors
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temp
3 major groups |
psychrophiles (cold loving) 0-15C
mesophiles (moderate temp loving) 20-39C thermophiles (heat loving) 40 + C |
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best growth for pH
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6.5-7.5
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plasmolysis
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shrinkage of cells cytoplasm due to high conc. of solutes outside cell than inside
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chemical
carbon |
required by all organisms
structural backbone of all living matter |
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chemical
nitrogen and sulfur |
nitrogen needed for synthesis
sulfur used to synthesis |
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obligate aerobe
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O2 required
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facultative anaerobe
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can grow with or without O2
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obligate anaerobe
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does not require O2
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aerotolerant anaerobes
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cannot use O2 for growth
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microaerophiles
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aerobic but don't require O2
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culture media
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nutrient material prepared in lab
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culture
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microbes that grow on or in culture medium
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agar
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solidifying agent in media
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selective media
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designed to suppress growth or unwanted bacteria
will only grow desired microbes |
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differential
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distinguish between different organism
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enrichment
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used to encourage growth of a specific organism in a mixed culture
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colony
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visible mall of microbial cells that grew from one cell
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lyophilization
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freeze drying a pure culture performed under vacuum
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logarithmic growth
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#births > #deaths
quick use of resources growth occurs at the fastest possible rate |
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sterilization
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removal of all mircobial life
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commercial sterilization
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killing C. botulinum endospores in canned food
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disinfection
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removal of pathogens
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antisepsis
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removal of pathogens from living tissue
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degerming
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removal of microbes from a limited area
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sanitization
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lower microbial counts on eating utensils
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biocide/germicide
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kills microbes
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bacteriostasis
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inhibiting, not killing, microbes
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actions of microbial control agents
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alteration of permeable membrane- damage to plasma membrane
damage to proteins- especially enzymes damage to nucleic acids - DNA or RNA |
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heat
thermal death point (TDP) |
lowest temp at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 mins
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heat
thermal death time (TDT) |
time to kill all cells in a culture
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heat
decimal reduction time (DRT or D value) |
mins to kill 90% of a population at a given temp
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pasteurization
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reduces pathogenic microbes which eliminates spoilage
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soap
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degerming
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acid-anionic detergents
dairy industry |
sanitizing
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quarternary ammonium compounds
cationic detergents used in mouthwash |
bactericidal, denature proteins, disrupt plasma membrane
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genetics
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the study of what genes are, how they carry information, how information is expressed, how genes are replicated and passed on to next generation
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid
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gene
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a segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein
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genome
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all of the genetic material in a cell
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genomics
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the molecular study of genomes
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genotype
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the gene of an organism, molecular make up
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phenotype
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expression of the genes, physical appearance
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DNA
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double stranded helix
composition = deoxyribose(sugar) phosphate nucleotides Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine(C) and Guanine (G) located in nucleus backbone is deoxyribose-phosphate held together by hydrogen bonds antiparallel or opposite directions genetic info for offspring 5 carbon phosphate 3 carbon hydroxyl group OH |
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Helicase
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cute H bonds resulting in 2 complementary independent parent strands (unzips)
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DNA polymearase
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joins the 2 strands bases resulting in growth (zip back together). DNA polymerase can only add to 3' end, also proofreads bases resulting in <1
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RNA
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single stranded
contains Uracil instead of thymine contains ribose instead of deoxyribose located anywhere in cell not just the nucleus like DNA |
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mRNA
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messenger RNA
located in nucleus receives a message, recipe or codes from DNA on how to make a protein carries the message to the ribosome where the protein is made |
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rRNA
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ribosomal RNA
makes up ribosome |
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tRNA
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transfer RNA
located in cytoplasm of cell picks up amino acids in the cytoplasm and carries them into the ribosome where protein is made |
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translation
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genetic info leaves nucleus as mRNA
translation is protein synthesis, occurs in cytoplasm mRNA carries message as codons codons groups of 3 nucleotides 64 codon(61 sense, 3 nonsense aka stop codon determines amino acid sequence for synthesis |
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repression
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inhibits gene expression and decrease the rate of synthesis of proteins and enzymes
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induction
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turns on the genes and causes synthesis of proteins and enzymes
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mutations
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permanent change in the base sequence of DNA
neutral, beneficial, or harmful |
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mutagen
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agent causing mutation (radiation or chemicals)
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spontaneous mutation
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occurs in absence of mutagen
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mutation type
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base substitution or point mutation
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missense mutation
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base substitution results in amino acid substitution in the protein
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nonsense mutation
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base substitution results in a stop codon being inserted causing synthesis to stop
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frameshift mutation
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causes shift in reading codon during translation
insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs |
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mutation rate
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probability that a gene will mutate when cell divide
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spontaneous mutation rate
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1 in 10^10 replicated base pairs or 1 in 10^6 replicated genes-very rare
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transformation
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transfers traits of 1 strain to another
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conjugation
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requires cellular contact
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transduction
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DNA transferred from 1 cell to another by a virus aka phage
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plasmids
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self-replicating, gene containing circular pieces of DNA
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transposons
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segments of DNA that can move from one region of DNA to another
contain insertion sequences for cutting and resealing DNA (transposase) |
