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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Maturity?
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Puberty - 6-10 months, small animals earlier
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What is the duration of sperm production?
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70 days
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Can Collecting sperm every 2nd day affect the stud's fertility?
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collect every 2nd day, no effect on # of sperm produced
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What does intromission require?
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using os penis, then engorges
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What is a "tie"?
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bulbs lock, tie
steps over bitch, completed ejaculation rearward, tie lasts 5-30 minutes, not needed |
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What is the first fraction of the sperm consist of?
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Pre-sperm -clear (small volume, 0.25 - 3ml)
urethral (prostatic, urine…) |
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Why is the 2nd fraction of the sperm important?
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Sperm-rich - white (0.4 - 3 ml)
Ideally, only the sperm rich fraction is collected for AI, then extended to send. |
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What is the 3rd fraction made of?
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Prostatic - clear, large volume (1-30 ml)
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How is infertility of the stud detected?
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History
reproductive, conceptions, litter size, abortions, neonatal deaths breeding performance, libido, tie anything affecting 3 months prior (febrile, endocrine disease) drug tx (CTS) Stess, UTI urethral discharge (purulent, bloody) pituitary, adrenal, thyroid disease |
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What is the name of the test for Serology - B. Canis?
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RSAT
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How can infertility of stud be determined?
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Serology - B. Canis
T4/TSH (or free equ. Dialysis- 2 step) testosterone/estradiol hCG or GnRH stimulation Testicular biopsy- rarely done because its a surgery to remove a piece of tissue from the testicles Epididymal aspirate can be done to collect sperm post-mortem |
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What is Azoospermic?
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Azoospermia is the medical condition of a male not having any measurable level of sperm in his semen. It is associated with very low levels of fertility or even sterility,
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What are some stud infertility problems?
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Azoospermic
absence of sperm high FSH/normal LH, sertoli cell dysfunction Normal FSH/LH blockage of epididymis (Alk. Phosphatase is low) |
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What are the highest incidences of testicular tumors?
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Testicular tumors
higher incidence in dogs than in other species highest incidence in cryptorchids |
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What causes feminization in studs?
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Sertoli cell - estrogen producing (precursor of testosterone) - feminization, common in cryts
Interstitial cell tumor- common in retained, occasional feminization |
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What is a seminoma?
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smaller size
(cancer) of the testis |
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What are some other problems encountered in males?
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Anal adenomas
Benign tumors, which are testosterone related |
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How can you treat the stud problems?
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Treatment is to neuter, or use DES -Diethylstilbestrol
is a synthetic estrogen |
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Define strangiuria
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also known as or related to strangury, painful urging to urinate
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prostatic disease and what it involves?
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androgen dependent tissue, urogenital sinus
DHT-dihydrotestosterone(DHT). stimulates early disease often due to abnormal androgen stimulus, creating inflammation and architectural changes that predispose to infectious disease very common |
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How is prostatic disease diagnosed?
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by palpation, rads, biopsy, U/S, fluid evaluation (cytology
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How is it prostatic disease treated?
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decrease androgens (castration),
estrogens and antibiotics |
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Acute prostatitis and its symptoms?
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not common, severe
C.S. severe abdominal pain, difficulty walking, neutrophilia, painful prostate |
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what is the cause of rectal hernia? symptoms? treatment?
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Usually caused by pressure from enlarge prostate gland (BPH)
Strains to defecate, breaks muscle wall around rectum See pocket on affected side, stool accumlates, tenesmus Tx- neuter |
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What is Balanoposthitis? treatment?
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common, purulent urethral discharge
lymphoid follicles at base of penis inflamed penis Tx - preputial wash, antibiotics,curretage |
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What is TVT?
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Transmissible venereal tumor
Tumors on penis, base of penis, or prepuce Sexually transmitted Difficult to remove or treat…. |
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Define Testicular torsion
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lie horizontal (like stallion) and can rotate, causing ischemia-restriction in blood supply
very painful |
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How can testicular torsion be treated?
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castration
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What is Stud Tail?
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another hormonally dependent disease in male dog
Testosterone stimulatesd sebaceous glands on dorsal tail head Excessive, then loss of hair,dermatitis… |
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What is the treatment for Paraphimosis?
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penectomy-surgical removal of the penis
sex change |
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Define Cryptorchidism
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Cryptorchidism is the absence of one or both testes from the scrotum. This usually represents failure of the testis to move, or "descend," during fetal development from an abdominal position, through the inguinal canal, into the ipsilateral scrotum
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What determines Cryptorchidism?
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common
variable location (abdomen, inguinal, SQ) genetic normal descent 1-3 months retained testicles sterile, androgen producers, tumor formation |
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What is the treatment for Cryptorchidism?
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hCG-human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced in pregnancy that is made by the developing embryo after conception and later by the syncytiotrophoblast (part of the placenta).Its role is to prevent the disintegration of the corpus luteum of the ovary and thereby maintain progesterone production that is critical for a pregnancy in humans. or GnRH-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone to drop when young, or neuter
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Why is A.I done?
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to avoid infections
aggressive, unwilling bitch no standing heat medical conditions which prevent natural breeding |
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Why is semen collecting and analysis done?
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Fertility evaluation - before investing money
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What amounts are collected after ejaculation?
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3 fractions
1st - clear, thrusting, pulsatile, then stops (0.5-10 cc) 2nd - thick and creamy, contains sperm, after thrusting (0.5-3 cc) 3rd - prostatic, transparent (2-40 cc) |
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What is the relation between sperm output to testicular size?
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Sperm output is related to the testicular size, size of dog, and age.
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What happens if stud is bred frequently?
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sperm output decreases by 25 %.
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Can problems affecting the stud two months prior to affect sperm output?
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2 months production and maturation, so problems occurring 2 months before may affect sperm numbers.
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What are the primary abnormalities noticed on semen analysis?
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- head, tail, midpiece problems
indicate problems in production of sperm |
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What is the secondary abnormalities on semen analysis?
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no heads, cytoplasmic droplets, bent tails
indicated maturation defects (epididymis) or trauma |
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What is the unopette system?
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To determine your dilution or pipetting error, dilute a raw-ejaculate sample
using the standard 1:100 of the Unopette system, and compare this to another dilution (either 1:100 again or dilutions ranging from 1:20 to 1:200). Count the diluted samples. Concentration values should be within 5 percent to 10 percent of each other. |
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How is sperm analysized?
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Cytology - on 3rd fraction
. Count - see notes, unopette system, 200 million to 3 billion / ejaculate . C/S Others - pH, 6.3-7 and alkaline phosphatase |
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How long does fresh chilled semen remain alive compared to the mortality of the frozen?
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fresh chilled lives 24-48 hours, frozen semen lowers numbers alive
- need 100- 200 million for fertile breeding, and 20-50% killed in freeze thaw |
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Can you Inseminate using A.I transcervically?
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can not inseminate transcervically, unless you use scope (requires anesthesia)
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How is frozen semen inseminated into the bitch?
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doesn’t pass cervix easily, so intra-uterine by surgical insemination best
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How long does fresh semen remain alive?
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5-7 days
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How is the breeding timed?
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vaginal cytology until 80-100 % cornified, breed every 2nd day 3 breedings or until D1
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Timing of breeding for Bitch?
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Disinterested stud, normal bitch
- bitch timing off (estrogen) or poor lidido -make sure sperm good, not hypoT4 (hypothyroidism) - do cytology and AI Bitch infertility history - ID LH peak (cytology, LH and P4) - breed day 3,5,7 post LH peak |
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When should stud be bred if low sperm count?
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breed day 4,5,6 post LH peak, to get the millions concentrated needed for fertile breeding
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What if the Stud has normal sperm count but poor quality? when to breed
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motility, dead… breed on day of fertilization (day 5,6)
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The stud has low quality and number, when can you breed?
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day 4,5,6 ( or just give up!!)
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When to breed if the semen is fresh chilled?
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only live 2-3 days, so breed on day 4 and 6
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What if the semen is frozen, when can you breed?
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lives 24 hours, so inseminate day 4,5,6 post LH peak, one surgical insemination day 5,6
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Resuscitating pups?
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The pup should be vigorously rubbed, hard with a towel, all over the neck, back, chest, limbs. Blowing into the nostrils by placing a pup’s muzzle between your lips is the way to administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
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What helps to resuscitate pups?
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A warm (90° F) incubator, hemostats, suture material, suction bulb syringes, emergency drugs, and an adequate supply of soft dry towels should be prepared beforehand.
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