Stucky, Kirkwood, Donders Ch 5 Domains Of Neuropsychological Function And Related Neurobehavioral Disorders

Front 1

What is the most contemporary and currently influential model of intelligence?

Back 1

Cattell-Horn-Carroll model (1993); empirically derived through factor analysis and represents combination of Cat/Horn's Gf-Gc (fluid int & crystallized int) theory with Carroll's three stratum theory.

Front 2

Describe the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence (1993)

Back 2

Posits multiple distinct intelligencies; eight relatively broad, Gf Gc and approximately 70 narrow/specific abilities; had greatly influenced newer versions of Wechsler, Stanford-Binet, and Woodcock-Johnson.

Front 3

Prior to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence (1993) what was the most influential theory for intelligence test design?

Back 3

Spearman's (1904) general factor theory that states all abilities share a general factor or g factor in common, and global intelligence can summarize all abilities

Front 4

Name 3 main associated disorders of intelligence

Back 4

1. Intellectual disability; dev dis w/onset prior 18 subnormal IQ appprox 2 SDs below mean & deficits in 2 or more adaptive skills
2. Dementia; decline or loss of cog ability from disease or med condition
3. Savantism; rare syndrome ind had gen intellectual disability or aut spec dis with one or more remarkable specific talent

Front 5

Name some factors affecting attention in general

Back 5

processing speed (structural); arousal level; motivation

Front 6

Posner & Peterson (1990)

Back 6

Model of Attention; divides into two major interconnecting areas posterior and anterior networks
1. Posterior: orienting and shifting
2. Anterior: detection subsystem (executive)
- a third area, the alerting network (subserved by the ascending reticular activating system ARAS) can influence both networks by operating at high or low levels of arousal

Front 7

Associated disorders of attention

Back 7

1. Delirium
2. ADHD
3. Hemispatial Inattention aka neglect (lesion temporal-parietal)
4. TBI
5. Other; depr, anx, fatigue, environmental noise, and medication

Front 8

sensory neglect

Back 8

an acquired inattention or unawareness to part (typically half) of space; as in hemineglect, it is contralateral to the lesion

Front 9

Motor neglect

Back 9

Involves a failure to respond or initiate movement (akinesia) to stimuli in contralateral space

Front 10

name the function of the ascending reticular activating system and the anterior cingulate (and limbic system) in attention

Back 10

arousal and overall attention; saliency of stimuli and associated emotion/motivation

Front 11

name the function of the prefrontal, orbitofrontal, and dorsolateral frontal in attention

Back 11

PFR response selection, control, sustained attention, focus, switching, searching and alternating attention; OF inhibition of responses; DL initiation of responses

Front 12

name the function of the lateral pulvinar in attention

Back 12

extracting information from the target location and filtering distractors

Front 13

name the function of the Inferior and posterior parietal in attention

Back 13

underlies desengagement from a stimulus and the representation of space; its damage is associated with hemispatial inattention/neglect

Front 14

what are the primary functions of the right hemisphere in attention

Back 14

Spatial attention, associated with hemispatial inattention/neglect

Front 15

Name the four components of language

Back 15

phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

Front 16

what are the etiologies of aphasia?

Back 16

Primary etiology is stroke (40%), neoplasm, intracranial tumor and infection, traumatic injury, and other diseases affecting language areas, including neurodegenerative (eg AD, primary progressive aphasia)

Front 17

Describe the two nonfluent extrasylvian aphasia syndromes

Back 17

1. transcortical motor aphasia: anterior aphasia resembles Broca's except for near normal ability to repeat, impoverished speech and writing, comprehension intact, but verbal output nonfluent
2. Mixed transcortical aphasia: resembles global aphasia except ability to repeat; likely due to hypoxic brain injury (cardiac arrest, carbon monoxide posioning, occlusion/stenosis carotid )

Front 18

Describe the one fluent extrasylvian aphasia syndromes

Back 18

transcortical sensory aphasia is a posterior aphasia resembling Wernickes, but can repeat in the absence of intact auditory comprehension or meaningful expression - can feature echolalia (like MTA) (excellent table p55&58)

Front 19

define visual agnosia

Back 19

Acquired disorder, from brain disease or injury, resulting in an inability to recognize previously familiar object. Involve a disturbance of visual perceptual function concerning identification and recognition of objects, faces, or their representation; meaningful or meaningless forms, colors, and spatial info. Disturbance not result in a deficit in vision, attention, or naming.

Front 20

describe the information processing model of memory

Back 20

encoding (active organization), storage (transfer of transient memory), consolidation (processes that render the memory progressively more stable and permanent), retrieval (ability to access info "tip of the tongue phenomenon")

Front 21

describe the 3 stage model of memory

Back 21

sensory memory 1-2 secs (iconic and echoic memory); short term memory (limited capacity 7+2) info held several mins (WM attention); long term mem a more permanent store where info consolidated requires hippocampus for LTP; and finally remote mem more stable and resilient to disease

Front 22

what is retroactive interference

Back 22

recently learned info interferes with the ability to remember previously learned information

Front 23

what is proactive interference

Back 23

previously learned information interferes with new or current learning

Front 24

Define retrograde amnesia

Back 24

amnesia for events prior to an accident, illness or event; typically temporally graded - events immediately before are lost whereas more remote remain intact. Studies have shown an association between severity of retrograde amnesia and extent of hippocampal damage

Front 25

what is Ribot's law

Back 25

states that the oldest memories are the most resistant to amnesia

Front 26

what is anterograde amnesia

Back 26

inability to learn or encoded new information or form new memories; often referred to as an inability to form continuous memories

Front 27

what is the usual etiology of transient global amnesia

Back 27

usually due to hypoperfusion of medial temporal or diencephalic areas - can also occur after ECT. Can last for hours or days and results in profound anterograde amnesia and variable retrograde amnesia

Front 28

what is a primary difference between anoxic/hypoxic anterograde amnesia and other causes of anterograde amnesia?

Back 28

unlike other causes, in anoxia insight is often preserved and confabulation rarely present

Front 29

what is the normal amnestic consequence of an Anterior communicating artery aneurysm

Back 29

rupture of the ACoA often results in basal forebrain, striatal and frontal system damage. This in turn causes "frontal amnesia" characterized by confabulation, attentional problems, disorientation, some apathy/lack of insight, and variable retrograde amnesia

Front 30

Name, common cause, and describe the consequence of thiamine deficiency

Back 30

wernicke-korsakoff's syndrome results from chronic alcohol involves diencephalic amnesia that results in both anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation and poor insight. Also associated with gait ataxia, oculomotor palsy, and encephalopathy

Front 31

What infection preferentially affects the medial and inferior temporal lobes and amygdala

Back 31

Herpes encephalopathy initially results in amnesia, aphasia, and agnosia

Front 32

what is the normal amnestic consequence of a posterior cerebral artery stroke

Back 32

In a PCA stroke the brain regions affected and resulting amnesia depends on the laterality of the lesion; however the pathology involves medial temporal and posterior occipital lobes. Associated cog deficits include visual, hemianopic alexia, color agnosia, and object agnosia

Front 33

Describe the three syndrome model of Cummings 1993 (executive functioning) see excellent chart p67

Back 33

Dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome (dysexecutive syndrome) characterized by poor problem solving, word-list generation, organization, sequencing, abulia/amotivation "pseudodepression" and sometimes perseveration
Orbitofrontal syndrome (inferior ventral syndrome) characterized by emotional lability impulsivity disinhibition childishness personality change and distractibility
Medial Frontal/Cingulate Syndrome characterized by decreased initiation and indifference, can also have amnesia, incontinence, and leg weakness

Front 34

Name the four symptoms of Gerstmann syndrome

Back 34

Due to insult involving the parietal-temporal junction typically involving the angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus
Finger agnosia* (inability to name or identify fingers) (left angular gyrus)
Acalculia (left angular gyrus)
Right-left disorientation*(left angular gyrus)
Agraphia (supramarginal gyrus - though many other regions can be associated with this loss mainly frontal)
*special cases of autotopagnosia

Front 35

Parietal lobe dysfunction can result in somatagnosias name the two types

Back 35

refer to disturbances in the general feeling pertaining to the existence of ones body or recognition of ones body schema
Astereognosia: loss or acquired impairment in ability to recognize an object by tactual ability (alos affects differentiation of size and shape)
Asomatognosia: disturbance in the knowledge or sense of ones own body and bodily condition

Front 36

lesions to what areas can result in an ideomotor apraxia

Back 36

lesion in the left inferior parietal lobe, or supplementary motor area, or a lesion in the corpus callosum