Stucky, Kirkwood, Donders Ch 4 Functional Neuroanatomy & Essential Neuropharmacology

Front 1

Name the components of the central nervous system, and the three main divisions of the brain

Back 1

brain & spinal cord; forebrain (prosencephalon: telencephalon & diencephalon), mid brain mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombocephalon: metencephalon & myelencephalon)

Front 2

Name the directional terms and planes of sections when discussing the brain

Back 2

front-back = ventral-dorsal
up-down = rostral/superior-caudal/inferior

planes take a 90degree turn above spinal cord

horizontal plane parallel to the floor
coronal plane perpendicular to the floor ear to ear
sagittal plane perpendicular to the floor forehead to occiput

Front 3

Cortical organization frontal lobe

Back 3

orbitofrontal/ventromedial region
dorsolateral region
dorsomedial

Front 4

Cortical organization temporal lobe

Back 4

temporal polar cortical areas: intersensory integration & semantic mem
ventral temporal areas: object recognition & discrimination; bilateral damage = object or face agnosia (fusiform gyrus)
posterial temporal region: mid+sup temporal sulci contain primary auditory areas inc Wernicke's all imp for language comprehension

Front 5

Cortical organization parietal lobe

Back 5

superior parietal lobe imp for sensory-motor integration, body schema, & spatial processing
temporoparietal junction imp for phonological and sound based processing lang comp (left) music comp (right)
inferior parietal lobule imp for complex spatial attention, integration of tactile sensation, and self-awareness

Front 6

Cortical organization occipital lobe

Back 6

ventral visual pathway connects occipital and temporal lobe imp for object & face recog, item based mem, and complex visual discrimination "what"

dorsal visual pathway connects occipital and parietal lobes via the superior temporal sulcus, imp for spatial vision and visumotor integration "where"

Front 7

Functional proclivities orbitofrontal/ventromedial region

Back 7

imp for emotional reg, reward monitoring, and personality; damage orbitofrontal = disinhib; damage ventromedial = disorderd reward/punishment processing & probs marking perceptual or learning experiences w/reward value & emot significance

Front 8

Functional proclivities dorsolateral region

Back 8

imp in broad range cog-exec functions inc working mem; damage = dysexecutive syndromes, impaired working mem, and poor attentional control of behavior

Front 9

Functional proclivities dorsomedial region

Back 9

imp for intentional and behavioral activation; damage = impairments in initiated behavior including akinetic mutism (person alert awake but cannot move or speak)

Front 10

Neuroanatomy of Vision

Back 10

1. retinal ganglion cells send axons to optic nerve
2. project posteriorly join at optic chiasm start op tract
3. Majority op tract terminates LGN thalamus
4. LGN projects geniculostriate pathway (critical visual discrimination & form perception) to primary visual cortex BA 17 (striate cortex in occipital pole)
5. Small % op tract-> pretectal areas & superior colliculus via extrastriate pathway then to parietal and frontal cortex via pulvinar nucleus thalamus: detecting movement,"", pupillary light reflex

Front 11

Focal damage to what areas can produce severe disorders of memory?

Back 11

1. medial temporal lobes
2. medial diencephalon
3. basal forebrain
All are part of a integrated, distributed memory system

Front 12

Name the important structures in the hippocampus H and parahippocampal P region

Back 12

1H. Dentate gyrus
2H. Ammon's horn (cornu Ammonis CA 1-4)
3H. subiculum

1P. rhinal cortex (entorhinal and perirhinal)
2P. presubicular cortex
3P. parasubiular cortex
4P. parahippocampal cortex

Front 13

Name the pathways of the internal connections of the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit

Back 13

synapse 1. entorhinal -> dentate granule cells ->
synapse 2. CA3 via mossy fibers ->
synapse 3. CA1 via Schaffer collaterals

CA1 then project to subiculum that projects back to entorhinal cortex completing unidirectional circuit

Front 14

Name the regions involved in the segregated cortical inputs to the hippocampus (ventral and dorsal)

Back 14

Ventral stream -> unimodal cortical areas (primarily visual) -> perirhinal cortex PRc -> lateral entorhinal cortex L-ERc -> HC CA1

Dorsal stream -> parietal & frontal association areas -> parahippocampal cortex PHc -> medial entorhinal cortex M-ERc -> CA3

Front 15

Name the three main subcortical projections from the hippocampus

Back 15

1. CA1 CA3 & subiculum -> precommissural fornix to the lateral septal nucleus
2. Subicular projections -> postcommissural fornix terminate anterior nucleus thalamus or mammillary bodies
3. hippocampus -> amygdala, nucleus accumbens, other basal forebrain and ventromedial hypothalamus

Front 16

Key facts - Amygdala

Back 16

1. located immediately anterior to the hippocampus
2. 2 main parts: basolateral nuclei (connect to limbic system, association cortex, & dorsomedial thalamus) and coricomedial (connect to basal forebrain, hypothalamus & brainstem)

Front 17

Four conclusions regarding the temporal lobe and amnesia

Back 17

1. Damage to cortical & subcortical structures within the temporal lobe, whether focal or extensive, amnesia can result
2. Amnesia most likely fr damage to BOTH hippocampally based medial limbic circuit and amygdala bases lateral limbic circuit
3. Damage to individ elements of these circuits can result in amnesia provided both circuits damaged
4. Hippocampus critical episodic mem; amygdala involved in emotional aspects of mem & assigning emo sig

Front 18

Name the main structures of the basal forebrain

Back 18

The BF is at the junction of the diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres and has: septal area, diagonal band of Broca, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, substantia innominata (containing nucleus basalis of Meynert, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and preoptic area

Front 19

What areas are associated with amnesia in the thalamus (sensory relay station with involvement in alertness, activation, and memory)

Back 19

1. Dorsomedial thalamic lesions (evidence from tumors walls third ventricle and Wernicke-Korsakoff disease)
2. Lesions affecting the internal medullary lamina (fiber tracks that include amygdalofugal and mammillothalamic pathways)
3. Midline thalamic nuclei are consistently damaged in Wernicke Korsakoff disease and have connections with the hippocampus, and damage may disconnect dorsomedial frontal connections important for semantic memories

Front 20

What is the amygdalofugal pathway

Back 20

The amygdalofugal pathway plays an important role in associative learning–of a conditioned fear. The gratifying or aversive nature of a stimulus is associated by connections of this pathway to the nucleus accumbens. The other main destinations of this pathway are the ventral striatum, the septum, the hypothalamus, the nuclei of the brainstem, and certain parts of the cortex (orbitofrontal, piriform, cingulate, etc.).

Front 21

Name the main region and areas (inc Brodmanns #s) involved in language

Back 21

1. Broca's area BA 44 & 45
2. Wernicke's area BA 22
3. Supramarginal gyrus BA 40
4. Angular gyrus BA 39
5. Heschl's gyrus BA 41 & 42
6. Arcuate fasciculus
7. Anterior temporal convergence

Front 22

A lesion of the ventral occipitotemporal area is most likely to affect

Back 22

face recognition

Front 23

Pure word deafness results from ...

Back 23

bilateral disconnection of auditory receptive areas from Wernicke's area

Front 24

Damage to the medial frontal cortex is primarily associated with ...

Back 24

intentional disorders (like akinesia, bradykinesia, apathy, and most severely akinetic mutism)