Stucky Ch 5

Front 1

Model of intelligence which states all abilities share a factor and a global IQ can summarize all abilities

Back 1

Spearman's general factor theory

Front 2

Described the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence

Back 2

derived via factor analysis and posits multiple distinct intelligences, eight relatively broad intelligences, and many relatively narrow or specific abilities

Front 3

Describe emotional intelligence

Back 3

ability to perceive, process, understand, and control emotion in oneself and others

Front 4

Define intellectual disability

Back 4

developmental disorder with onset before age 18 with IQ >/= to 2 SD below mean and significant deficits in 2+ adaptive skills

Front 5

Definition of dementia

Back 5

syndrome involving decline in or loss of general cognitive ability or multiple areas of impairment stemming from a disease or medical condition and resulting in social or occupational impairment

Front 6

Does IQ decline with dementia

Back 6

yes as it advances into moderate stages

Front 7

The syndrome in which a persona has an intellectual disability or autism specturm disorder and one or more specific or remarkable talent that is in stark contrast to intellectual disability

Back 7

savantism

Front 8

What disorders is Savantism associated with

Back 8

autism spectrum disorders; psych disorders; CNS injuries/disease

Front 9

Is Savantism more likely in males or females

Back 9

males (6X)

Front 10

the process whereby an individual receives and subsequently processes incoming information

Back 10

attention

Front 11

Attention is closely related with what other cognitive processes

Back 11

executive functioning and working memory

Front 12

form of processed information before it is sent to short term memory whereby information is being actively maintained or rehearsed can be retained for up to several minutes

Back 12

working memory

Front 13

simple, passive attention to information that is lost if not rehearsed

Back 13

attention span

Front 14

ability to allocate and direct attenton that is dependent on capacity

Back 14

focused attenton

Front 15

process by which one chooses soem information from other surrounding information or distractors

Back 15

selective attention

Front 16

maintaining attention over a period of time

Back 16

sustained attention

Front 17

shifting one's attention back and forth between tasks

Back 17

alternating attention

Front 18

concentrating one more than one task at a time or multiple aspects within a task, referred to as multitasking by some in the lay public

Back 18

divided attention

Front 19

Digit span and corsi blocks assess what type of attention

Back 19

attention span

Front 20

digit symbol coding assesses what type of attention

Back 20

focused attention

Front 21

cancellation assesses what type of attention

Back 21

selective

Front 22

continuous performance tests assess what type of attention

Back 22

sustained

Front 23

Trails B assesses what type of attention

Back 23

alternating attention

Front 24

Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test assesses what type of attention

Back 24

divided attention

Front 25

Define concentration

Back 25

ability to sustain attention over time or to mentally manipulate information

Front 26

speed at which mental activities are performed

Back 26

processing speed

Front 27

Factors affecting attention (3)

Back 27

processing speed, arousal level, motivation/effort

Front 28

Describe the model of attention by Posner and Petersen

Back 28

There are anterior and posterior attention networks with posterior network focused on orientation and shifting attention andanterior system serving as the detection subsystem and detects stimuli from sensory events and memory. These two systems interconnect allowing for multitasking. An alerting network subserved by ascending reticular activating system and operates at high and low arousal

Front 29

a disorder marked by waxing and waning deficits in attention with increased distractibility, poor awareness, and persistent confusion

Back 29

delirium

Front 30

Primary attentional processes affected by delirium

Back 30

attention span and arousal

Front 31

developmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and at times hyperactivity

Back 31

ADHD

Front 32

attention primarily affected by ADHD

Back 32

Executive aspects

Front 33

Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) is relevant to what aspect of attention

Back 33

arousal and attention

Front 34

anterior cingulate and limbic system is relevant to what aspect of attention

Back 34

determining saliency of stimuli and associated emotion/motivation

Front 35

Brain structure relevant to response selection, control, sustained attention, focus, switching, searching, and alternating attention

Back 35

prefrontal cortex

Front 36

Orbitofrontal area of the brain is relevant to which aspect of attention

Back 36

inhibition or responses

Front 37

initiation of responses is relevant to which brain structure

Back 37

dorsolateral frontal area

Front 38

Superior colliculus is relevant to which aspect of attention

Back 38

shifting attention; eye movements

Front 39

Extracting information from the target location and filtering distractors is relevant to which brain structure

Back 39

lateral pulvinar

Front 40

Inferior and posterior parietal are relevant to which aspect of attention

Back 40

disengagment from a stimulus and representation of space; hemispatial inattention/neglect

Front 41

spatial attention associated with hemispatial inattention/neglect is relevant to which part of the brain

Back 41

right hemisphere

Front 42

Hemispatial inattention

Back 42

impairment in awareness of visual or other stimuli on side contralateral to brain lesion that is not result of sensory deficit

Front 43

Associated features of hemispatial inattention (3)

Back 43

anosognosia, asomatognosia; extinction of stimuli

Front 44

anosognosia

Back 44

denial of illness

Front 45

asomatognosia

Back 45

denial of body part

Front 46

Region of brain most often associated with hemispatial inattention

Back 46

temporal-parietal region

Front 47

Most often hemispatial inattention affects the ______side due to _____side lesion but can be vice versa

Back 47

left; right

Front 48

two types of attention affected by hemispatial inattention

Back 48

spatial focused attention, selective attention

Front 49

an acquired inattention or unawareness to part of space as in hemineglect contralateral to the lesion

Back 49

sensory neglect

Front 50

Motor neglect

Back 50

failure to respond or initiate movement to stimuli in contralateral space

Front 51

types of attention often affected in moderate to severe TBI

Back 51

executive aspects, reduced information processing speed, reduced arousal, poor attentional capacity, increased distractibility

Front 52

Nonneurological factors that can negatively influence attention (4)

Back 52

depression and anxiety; fatigue and lack of sleep; environmental factors; medications

Front 53

Define language

Back 53

system of communication involving formal symbolic scheme reliant on phonology and rules of syntax to express lexical or semantic meaning

Front 54

4 areas comprising language competence

Back 54

phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics

Front 55

Which hemisphere mediates or performs most language function related to semantics and syntactics

Back 55

left

Front 56

an acquired loss or impairment of language following brain damage or disease

Back 56

aphasia

Front 57

Lichtheim localiationist model of language

Back 57

five interrelated cortical and subcortical areas proposed to underlie language processing involving a center for movement patterns of oral speech, word sounds, movement patterns of writing, written words, andforming concepts and ideas to be expressed

Front 58

Theory suggesting disorders of aphasia, apraxia, and agnosia were really disconnexion syndromes or disorder resulting from lesions interrupting the transfer of information from one neural region to another

Back 58

Geschwind

Front 59

Neuropathology of aphasia

Back 59

structural alterations in the language cortex with type of syndrome determined by brain part affected not by etiology

Front 60

Primary etiology of aphasia

Back 60

stroke

Front 61

how to assess spontaneous speech

Back 61

elicit through simple conversation, medical history, or ask for description of a picture

Front 62

2 areas addressed with spontaneous speech

Back 62

form and content

Front 63

refers to whether speech is fluency to nonfluent

Back 63

form of speech

Front 64

How to assess form of speech

Back 64

assess effort, rate, melody, and length of phrases

Front 65

Syndrome with normal verbal output, normal phrase length (5-6 words), normal articulation, normal melody with nonmeaningful paraphasic errors (word or sound substitution)

Back 65

fluent aphasic speech (Wernicke's, transcortical sensory)

Front 66

Name the syndrome with nonfluent spontaneous speech, intact comprehension impaired repetition, limited reading and naming, and impaired writing

Back 66

Brocas

Front 67

Syndrome with fluent speech, impaired comprehension, repetition, naming, reading, and writing

Back 67

Wernicke's

Front 68

Syndrome with fluent speech, intact comprehension and reading, and impaired repetition, naming, and writing

Back 68

Conduction aphasia

Front 69

Syndrome with nonfluent speech and impaired comprehension, repetition, naming, reading, and writing

Back 69

Global aphasia

Front 70

Syndrome with fluent, empty speech with intact comprehenson repeition, and reading and impaired naming and impoverished content on writing

Back 70

Anomic aphasia

Front 71

Syndrome with fluent or nonfluent speech, intact comprehension and repetition and impaired naming as well as impaired OR intact reading and writing

Back 71

Subcortical aphasia

Front 72

Syndrome involving nonfluent speech and intact comprehension, repetition, and reading as well as limited naming and impaired writing

Back 72

transcortical aphasia

Front 73

Syndrome involving fluent and echolalic speech, intact repetition and impaired comprehension, naming reading and writing

Back 73

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Front 74

Syndrome involving nonfluent echolalic speech, with intact repetition and impaired comprehension, naming, reading, and writing

Back 74

transcortical mixed aphasia

Front 75

Speech with diminished verbal output and decreased phrase length (<3-4 words), laborious articulation, and poor rhythm with possible speech initiation and impaired production of grammatical sequences

Back 75

nonfluent aphasic speech

Front 76

Define content of speech

Back 76

word choice and syntax and the presence or absence of paraphasic errors in spontaneous speech

Front 77

Syndromes in which word output itself is likely to be normal but content may not be informative or convey meaning

Back 77

fluent aphasic syndroes

Front 78

Syndromes in which the critical words or words needed to convey meaning can be present but may not be in the correct order and with correct grammar....speech may appear telegraphic

Back 78

nonfluent aphasic syndromes

Front 79

How do you assess comprehension?

Back 79

questions and commands that increase in complexity and evaluated words, categorical info, and meaning imparted from syntax and word order

Front 80

Two types of comprehension difficulties

Back 80

syntactic; lexical/semantic

Front 81

Lesions involving what speech areas may result in comprehension of syntactic information used to construct word names

Back 81

anterior speech areas

Front 82

lesions involving what speech areas often results in disturbed comprehension of sequencing of meaningful word sounds to convey meaning

Back 82

posterior

Front 83

How do you test repetition

Back 83

begin with simple words and the multisyllabic words followed by short and longer sentences increasing in complexity

Front 84

If repetition is intact the _______ is likely intact

Back 84

perisylvian language centers

Front 85

How do measure word finding difficulty

Back 85

spontaneous speech through pausing to search for word or using too many words to describe something, or presenting a stimulus and asking patient to name it

Front 86

How do we use naming difficulty differentially

Back 86

nonfluent syndromes have difficulty with naming due to initiation or production problems: fluent syndromes difficulty as result of selection problems or inability to find right word

Front 87

How to we assess reading

Back 87

assess both reading aloud and silently; start with single letters and digits, then words and sentences of increasing length and complexity

Front 88

If patient does not have expressive language available, how can we test eading

Back 88

allow patient to match words to pictures

Front 89

severe impairment in auditory language except pure word deafness is almost always associated with what

Back 89

reading impairment or alexia

Front 90

Is alexia good for localization and is so where does it localize?

Back 90

No because it is seen in all kinds of aphasias

Front 91

How do we assess writing?

Back 91

ask to write single letters and digits and then words and multidigit numbers and then sentences of increasing length and complexity for both writing to dictation or based on visual input

Front 92

Agraphia

Back 92

inability to write

Front 93

Agraphia is usually seen in combination with

Back 93

alexia or aphasia

Front 94

nonfluent aphasias are associated with dysfunction within the _________language centers

Back 94

anterior

Front 95

fluent aphasias are associated with dysfunction within _________language areas

Back 95

posterior

Front 96

if aphasia without repetition, what area localizes

Back 96

borderzone language areas

Front 97

Hallmark symptoms of perisylvian aphasia syndrome

Back 97

impaired repetition

Front 98

Name the nonfluent aphasias of the perisylvian fissure (1)

Back 98

brocas

Front 99

Name the fluent aphasias of the perisylvian fissure

Back 99

Wernicke's aphasia and conduction aphasia

Front 100

syndrome with strikingly nonfluent verbal output that is sparse, effortful, dysarthric, dysprosodic, of short phrase length, and agrammatic with poor repetition in the context of relatively spared auditory comprehension for content, usually impaired writing, often impaired naming with aid from contextual and phonemic cues

Back 100

Broca's aphasia

Front 101

What is prognosis of Broca's aphasia

Back 101

good if involves only cortex or no associated right hemiparesis; permanent if extends into basal ganglia and internal capsule

Front 102

Syndrome with fluent verbal output with normal word count and phrase length and difficulty in word finding, along with signiicantly impaired auditory comprehension and poor repetition with often empty speech

Back 102

Wernicke's aphasia

Front 103

Syndrome with impaired repetition in the context of relatively fluent speech and well preserved auditory comprehension with literal paraphasias, word finding difficulties, and commonly severely impaired writing and naming ability impaired by paraphasias with reading out loud severely disturbed and possibly normal reading comprehension

Back 103

Conduction aphasia

Front 104

These neuroanatomical findings are suggestive of what syndrome

Back 104

frontal opercular area in dominant hemisphere or posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus of the L hemisphere, including the 3rd frontal convolution of the L hemi and subcortical white matter extending posteriorly to the inferior portion of the motor strip

Front 105

Possible associated features associated with Brocas

Back 105

common right hemiparesis

Front 106

These neuroanatomical findings are consistent with what aphasic syndrome.....posterior superior portion of the L temporal lobe or the auditory association cortex adjacent to the Heschl's gyrus of the primary cortical auditory center

Back 106

Wernicke's aphasia

Front 107

Possible features associated with Wernicke's

Back 107

Occasional superior quadrantanopia

Front 108

These neuroanatomical findings are consistent with what aphasic syndrome......damage to the arcuate fasciculus thus disconnecting Brocas and Wernicke's area , but the syndrome also appears to involve the posterior superior aspect of the left temporal lobe, supramarginal gyrus, or deep parietal matter

Back 108

Conduction aphasia

Front 109

Possible features associated with conduction aphasia

Back 109

common hemisensory defect and cortical sensory loss

Front 110

These neuroanatomical findings are consistent with what aphasia syndrome .....entire perisylvian region

Back 110

Global aphasia

Front 111

The neuroanatomical findings are consistent with what type of aphasia.....no specific location but often involves angular gyrus in teh dominant hemi and disconnection between WErnicke's and intrasensory input areas in teh parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

Back 111

anomic aphasia

Front 112

These neuroanatomical findings are consistent with what type of aphasia......usually anterior Broca's area, often in the supplementary motor area of the dominant hemi or in the frontal tissues between that region and dominant hemisphere opercular area

Back 112

transcortical motor

Front 113

Occasional right hemiparesis is often an associated feature of what aphasic syndrome?

Back 113

transcortical motor

Front 114

These neuroanatomical findings are associated with what type of aphasia......usually the junction of parietal, temporal, and occipital regions in the angular gyrus in the dominant parietal regions, sparing Wernicke's

Back 114

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Front 115

Occasional right hemiparesis, and common hemisensory defect are possible associated features of what type of aphasia

Back 115

transcortical sensory aphasia

Front 116

These neuroanatomical findings are associated with what type of aphasia......isolation of disconnection of speech area and pathology involving entire vascular borderzone area in both the frontal and parietal zones

Back 116

Transcortical mixed aphasia

Front 117

Common right hemiparesis and hemisensory defect are associated with what type of aphasia

Back 117

transcortical mixed

Front 118

This is considered a disconnection syndrome isolating the higher order visual systems from language systems and involves the left occipital area and corresponding inferior portion of the left side of the splenium of the corpus callosum

Back 118

alexia without agraphia

Front 119

This type of aphasia involves lesions in the posterior margin of the parietal lobe

Back 119

alexia with agraphia

Front 120

Color anomia, trouble spelling and comprehending spelling, bilateral right visual field hemianopsia are possible features associated with this type of aphasic syndrome

Back 120

alexia without agraphia

Front 121

Common right hemiparesis and hemisensory defect are possible associated features of what aphasic syndromes

Back 121

alexia with agraphia

Front 122

These neuroanatomical findings are associated with what aphasic syndrome.....damage to both temporal lobes with destruction of Heschl's gyrus on the left and the white matter tract connecting it to the auditory association area on the right

Back 122

word deafness

Front 123

Aphasic syndromes involving the borderzone region are known as

Back 123

transcortical aphasia syndromes

Front 124

Describe transcortical aphasia syndromes

Back 124

ability to repeat spoken language is preserved in face of distinct language impairment

Front 125

Name the two nonfluent extrasylvian apahsia syndromes

Back 125

transcortical motor aphasia; mixed transcortical aphasia

Front 126

Describe transcortical motor aphasia

Back 126

repetition intact with impoverished speech and writing, intact comprehension, and nonfluent verbal output

Front 127

Describe mixed transcortical aphasia

Back 127

Repetition intact, typically nonfluent adn otherwise resembles global aphasia

Front 128

Likely causes of mixed transcortical aphasia

Back 128

hypoxic brain injury due to decreased cerebral circulation, as with cardiac arrest, carbon monoxide poisoning, or occlusion/stenosis of the carotid artery

Front 129

Name the fluent extrasylvian aphasia syndromoe

Back 129

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Front 130

Describe transcortical sensory aphasia

Back 130

preserved repetition, absent auditory comprehension or meaningful expresssion, and possible echolalia, fluent and paraphasic output (heard language is processed, but not interpreted)

Front 131

Name the two nonlocalizing aphasia syndromes

Back 131

anomic aphasia and global aphasia

Front 132

Describe anomic aphasia

Back 132

difficulty with word finding with multiple pauses, frequent circumlocution, and stumbling verbal output with intact repetition and comprehension; disturbed reading and writing often (often residual disorder)

Front 133

Describe global aphasia

Back 133

severe disturbance in all major language functions

Front 134

Global aphasia is often result of occlusion where

Back 134

early in MCA vascular tree affecting large section of language dominant hemisphere

Front 135

Describe subcortical motor aphasia syndrome (aphemia)

Back 135

period of mutism followed by motor amnormalities in speech such as hypophonia or articulation issues and fluent or nonfluent verbal output with many paraphasias; near normal repetition; possible impairment in repetition, comprehension, naming, reading, and writing

Front 136

Prognosis of aphasia

Back 136

if entirely subcortical-good with some residual speech impairment; if cortical, likely more persistent

Front 137

Describe alexia without agraphia (pure word blindness)

Back 137

selective loss of ability to read configurations of letters without a comparable loss in writing or other language disturbance; can write but not read own writing

Front 138

Describe alexia with agraphia

Back 138

loss of ability to read with specific loss of writing in spite of intact motor abilities; intact speech and comprehension; possible anomia

Front 139

Describe pure word deafness

Back 139

loss of auditory comprehension and react to speech sounds as if deaf; can speak, read, write but not repeat

Front 140

localizaton of auditory agnosia

Back 140

auditory cortex of right temporal or bilateral temporal lobes

Front 141

Describe agnosia for sounds

Back 141

inability to recognize meaning of nonverbal environment sounds (barking, train)

Front 142

Agnosia for sounds is often associated with what other disorder

Back 142

pure word deafness

Front 143

Describe agnosia for music

Back 143

inability to recognize meaning of musical sounds (ex. inability to appreciate rhythm or only hear noise versus music)

Front 144

Two types of aprosodia

Back 144

expressive; repetitive

Front 145

Describe expressive aprosodia

Back 145

robotic quality of speech

Front 146

Where does expressive aprosodia localize

Back 146

area contralateral to Brocas area

Front 147

Describe receptive aprosodia

Back 147

difficulty interpreting emotional prosody, rhythm, pitch, stress, intonation, etc. can't understnad sarcasm, jokes, etc.

Front 148

Localization of receptive aprosodia

Back 148

dysfunction in regions contralateral Wernicke's area

Front 149

Describe agnosia

Back 149

inability to recognize formerly familiar objects

Front 150

Describe visual agnosia

Back 150

disturbed visual perceptual function concerning identification and recognition of objects, faces, or their representation and meaningful or meaningless forms, colors, and spatial information not due to vision, inattention, or naming

Front 151

Describe the function of the ventral stream of visual processing

Back 151

"what"-idenitfies form of stimuli (color, object, face, letter)

Front 152

Describe the function of the dorsal stream of visual processing

Back 152

Where-spatial relationships, locating and analysis of objects in space

Front 153

Neuroanatomy of ventral stream of visual processing

Back 153

projects to occipital temporal association cortex connecting striate, prestriate, and inferior temporal regions

Front 154

Neuroanatomy of dorsal stream of visual processing

Back 154

projects to parietal-occipital association cortex, connecting striate, prestriate, and inferior parietal regions

Front 155

Disorder associated with ventral stream of visual processing

Back 155

visual agnosias

Front 156

Disorder associated with dorsal stream of visual processing

Back 156

spatial analysis/processing impairment

Front 157

Would the Hooper and Picture Completion tests be used to assess the ventral or dorsal stream of visual processing

Back 157

Ventral

Front 158

Would the JLO test and Block Design tests be used to assess the ventral or dorsal stream of visual processing

Back 158

Dorsal

Front 159

Describe visual object agnosia

Back 159

inability recognize and appreciate meaning of object, may be able to describe, but don't know what it is

Front 160

Two types of visual object agnosias

Back 160

apperceptive and aassociative

Front 161

Describe apperceptive agnosia

Back 161

disruption in object recognition during visual perception

Front 162

Describe associative agnosia

Back 162

disruption in object recognition because of inability to access stored info regarding meaning of object

Front 163

Describe prosopagnosia

Back 163

inability to recognize, id, or revisualize faces ; must use other details such as speech or mannerisms to recognize others

Front 164

Is prosopagnosia an apperceptive or associative agnosia

Back 164

associative

Front 165

Inability to recognize colors even though the ability to discriminate between colors is intact

Back 165

color agnosia

Front 166

These neuroanatomical findings are consistent with what disorder.......left occipital lesions with extension to subcortical white matter but also bilateral lesions involving peristriate angular gyrus and lingual and fusiform lobules

Back 166

visual object agnosia

Front 167

A disconnect between area important in visual perception and areas important in language function is associated with what type of agnosia

Back 167

associative visual agnosia

Front 168

These findings are associated with what visual agnosia.....bilateral and involves the inferior occipital temporal junction or inferior parietal-occipital area, but when unilateral, typically in right hemi involving inferior longitudinal fasciculus and splenium of the corpus callosum

Back 168

prosopagnosia

Front 169

What area of the brain is usually involved in color agnosia

Back 169

left or bilateral occipital-temporal areas

Front 170

What area of the brain is associated with location of objects in space

Back 170

unilateral or bilateral occipital parietal junction

Front 171

What area of the brain is associated with spatial analysis

Back 171

posterior right hemisphere

Front 172

The involvement of both frontal and parietal systems in either the right or left hemi but most likely with parietal and bilateral parietal lobe lesions is associated with what type of apraxia

Back 172

Constructional apraxia

Front 173

Dressing apraxia usually involves lesions of the what region

Back 173

right parietal-occipital region

Front 174

Unilateral and bilateral involvement of the posterior medial regions and the calcarine cortex surrounding the calcarine fissure more on the left than right is generally associated with what disorder

Back 174

achromatopsia

Front 175

Spatial acalculia is considered to be generally localized in the

Back 175

right parietal lobe

Front 176

Describe constructional apraxia

Back 176

loss of impariment of ability to carry out purposeful movement that is a visualspatia disorder resulting in inability to construct or draw

Front 177

Describe dressing apraxia

Back 177

isolated disturbance in dressing, but may be part of neglect

Front 178

impariment in color perception is called

Back 178

achromatopsia

Front 179

When an acquired deficit in calculation results from spatial confusion it is called

Back 179

spatial acalculia

Front 180

4 stages of the infomration processing model of memory

Back 180

encoding; storage; consolidation; retrieval

Front 181

the active organization or manipulation of incoming stimuli such as through rehearsal and repetition

Back 181

Encoding

Front 182

the transfer or transient memory to where it can be made more permanent

Back 182

storage

Front 183

the process by which encoded info undergoes a series of processes that render memory representations progressively more stable and permanent

Back 183

consolidation

Front 184

ability to access previously stored information; by way of cues

Back 184

retrieval

Front 185

Types of memory in 3 stage model of memory

Back 185

sensory; STM; LTM; and remote memory

Front 186

Type of memory that holds info for only 1-2 seconds

Back 186

sensory memory

Front 187

iconic memory

Back 187

visual sensory memory

Front 188

auditory sensory memory

Back 188

echoic sensory memory

Front 189

Type of memory with limited capacity of 7 + 2 items; temporary store whereby information can be held up for several minutes and often equated with working memory and attention

Back 189

Short Term Memory

Front 190

Type of memory that is more permanent where info is stored by way of consolidation or learning requiring the hippocampus where structural change takes place due to long term potentiation

Back 190

Long term memory

Front 191

Old memories, though to be more stable or resilient to damage and disease

Back 191

Remote memory

Front 192

Describe declarative memory

Back 192

memory of conscious retrieveal or recognition of contextually related information or episodes

Front 193

memory of facts that is not time dependent

Back 193

semantic memory

Front 194

memory of temporal events; autobiographical

Back 194

episodic memory

Front 195

Describe prospective memory

Back 195

memory to do something at a particular time in the future and also involves executive functioning

Front 196

memory system responsible for skills, procedures, habits, and classically conditioned responses and takes place largely without awareness

Back 196

non-declarative (implicit) (procedural)

Front 197

remembering info without cues

Back 197

free recall

Front 198

remembering info with aid of stimuli

Back 198

Recognition

Front 199

Process by which recently learned info interferes with the ability to remember previously learned info

Back 199

retroactive interferene

Front 200

process by which previously learned information interferes with new or current learning

Back 200

proactive inference

Front 201

Described amnesia

Back 201

isolated loss of memory with no other loss of cognitive function with declarative memory affected and procedural memory not affected

Front 202

amnesia for events prior to accident that is typically temporally graded

Back 202

retrograde amnesia

Front 203

Ribot's law

Back 203

oldest memories are most resistant to amnesia

Front 204

Severity of retrograde amnesia is related to severity of what

Back 204

hippocampal pathology

Front 205

inability to learn or encode new information or form new memories

Back 205

anterograde amnesia

Front 206

neuroanatomy of transient global amnesia

Back 206

hypoperfusion of medical temporal or diencephalic regions OR result of ECT

Front 207

acute onset memory loss for hours or days resulting in profound anterograde amnesia and variable retrograde amnesia

Back 207

Transient Global Amnesia

Front 208

Anoxic injury may result in damage to what area of the brain

Back 208

medial temporal lobe, particularly area CA1

Front 209

Describe memory impairment as a result of anoxic injury

Back 209

dense amnesia typically pronounced anterograde amnesia that is profound in some cases and in others improves with retrieval; often preserved insight and no confabulation

Front 210

Anterior communicating artery aneurysm often result in damage to what areas of the brain

Back 210

basal forebrain, striatal, and frontal system

Front 211

Describe frontal amnesia characteristic of ACoA aneurysm

Back 211

confabulation, attention problems, disorientation, apathy, lack of insight, and variable retrograde amnesia

Front 212

This disorder occurs as a result of chronic alcohol use and thiamine deficiency

Back 212

Wernicke-Korsakoff's Syndrome

Front 213

Memory characteristics of Korsakoff's syndrome

Back 213

anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation, and poor insight with associated features of gait ataxia, oculomotor palsy, and encephalopathy

Front 214

Herpes encephalopathy often affects what areas of the brain

Back 214

medial and inferior temporal lobes and the amygdala

Front 215

Symptoms of herpes encephalopathy

Back 215

amnesia, aphasia, and agnosia

Front 216

Memory impairment subsequent to extensive bilateral medial temporal resection for intractible epilepsy

Back 216

severe anterograde amnesia with preserved insight and not prone to confabulation

Front 217

pathology involved with posterior cerebral artery stroke

Back 217

medial temporal and posterior occipital lobes

Front 218

Other cognitive deficits associated with PCA stroke in addition to amnesia

Back 218

visual deficits, heminopic alexia, color agnosia, and 0bject agnosia

Front 219

Name the brain region; amnesia type; insight; and confabulation in TGA

Back 219

medial temporal/diencephalic; profound atnerorgrade and variable retrograde; present insight; rare confabulation

Front 220

Name the brain region; amnesia type; insight; and confabulation in anoxia

Back 220

medial temporal; anterograde; present; rare

Front 221

Name the brain region; amnesia type; insight; and confabulation in ACoA

Back 221

frontal and basal forebrain; frontal, maybe; often

Front 222

Name the brain region; amnesia type; insight; and confabulation in Wernicke-Korsakoff's

Back 222

diencephalic; retrograde; no; often

Front 223

Name the brain region; amnesia type; insight; and confabulation in Herpes encephalopathy

Back 223

medial temporal; severe retrograde; present; rare

Front 224

Name the brain region; amnesia type; insight; and confabulation in PCA infarct

Back 224

medial temporal; depends on laterality; present; rare

Front 225

Name brain structures in hippocampal pathway

Back 225

entorhinal cortex, fornix, mammilary bodies, mammillothalamic tract, cingulate cortex

Front 226

Disroders assocaited with damage to hippocampal pathway

Back 226

hypoxia and anoxia

Front 227

Name 3 brain structures in amygdaloid pathway

Back 227

amygdala; dorsal medial thalamus; dorsomedial cortex

Front 228

Name disorders assocaited with amygdaloid pathway

Back 228

Herpes encephalitis; PTSD

Front 229

Naem 4 structures in diencephalon associated with memory

Back 229

anterior nucleus of thalamus; dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus; fornix; mammillary bodies

Front 230

Memory disorders associated with diencephalon

Back 230

Korsakoffs

Front 231

Name three memory related structures of basal forbrain

Back 231

medial septal nucleus; diagonal band of Broca; and nucleus basalis of Meynert

Front 232

Disorders associated with basal forebrain

Back 232

Alzheimer's disease; ACoA aneurysm

Front 233

Parts of cortex asscoatied with memory

Back 233

medial and anterior temporal lobe and frontal lobe

Front 234

Memory disorders associated with cortex

Back 234

surgical ablation, TBI, herpes, anoxia, PCA infarct

Front 235

Describe the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Syndrome (dysexecutive syndrome)

Back 235

poor problem solving, word list generation, organization, sequencing, abulia/amotivation, and sometimes perseveration

Front 236

Describe the orbitofrontal syndrome (inferior/frontal)

Back 236

emotional lability, impulsivity, disinhibition, childishness, personality change, and distractibility

Front 237

Describe the medial frontal/cingulate syndrome

Back 237

decreased initiation and indifference, but can also have amnesia, incontinence, and leg weakness and also involves supplementary motor area and oculomotor circuit

Front 238

Do subcortical or cortical dementias often present with reduplicative paramnesia or Capgras syndrome

Back 238

cortical

Front 239

Do subcortical or cortical dementias often involve personality changes and depression

Back 239

subcortical

Front 240

Where does damage in TBI occur to result in confabulation and decreased awareness

Back 240

diffuse frontal system and diencephalon

Front 241

Common executive dysfunction in TBI

Back 241

confabulation, decreased awarenesss, dysexecutive, or personality symptoms

Front 242

Damage to what two areas of the brain results in poor motor sequencing

Back 242

prefrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal area

Front 243

Damage to what two areas of the brain results in poor directed attention

Back 243

prefrontal and frontal eye fields

Front 244

Damage to what area of the brain results in poor working memory

Back 244

dorsolateral prefrontal area

Front 245

information that is actively maintained or rehearsed that can be retained for up to several minutes

Back 245

working memory

Front 246

damage to what area results in perseveration

Back 246

dorsolateral prefrontal

Front 247

uncontrolled repeating of a response

Back 247

perseveration

Front 248

damage to what area results in poor reasoning

Back 248

dorsolateral prefrontal area

Front 249

lacking in initiation/motivation/concern

Back 249

abulia

Front 250

Damage to what part of brain results in abulia

Back 250

dorsolateral prefrontal area, as well as basal ganglia and anterior cingulate (medial frontal)

Front 251

Damage to these two parts of the brain result in poor planning/organization

Back 251

dorsolateral prefrontal area; orbitofrontal area

Front 252

Damage to this area results in impulsivity

Back 252

orbitofrontal area

Front 253

Damage to this area results in emotional lability

Back 253

orbitofrontal area

Front 254

inability to control emotions

Back 254

emotional lability

Front 255

damage to this part of the brain results in utilization behavior or environmental dependency

Back 255

orbitofrontal area

Front 256

When patients respond to whatever stimuli is at hand even when inappropriate

Back 256

utilization behavior/emotional dependency

Front 257

inappropriate jocularity

Back 257

Witzelsucht

Front 258

Damage to this area of the brain results in Witzelsucht

Back 258

orbitofrontal

Front 259

damage to what area of the brain may result in disinhibition (2)

Back 259

orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate

Front 260

inability to speak or move

Back 260

apathy/akinetic mutism

Front 261

damage to this area may result in apathy/akinetic mutism

Back 261

anterior cingulate

Front 262

Damage to which side of the frontal lobe is thought to lead to depression

Back 262

LEFT

Front 263

feeling that a place has been duplicated

Back 263

reduplicative amnesia

Front 264

damage to these two areas may result in reduplicative amnesia

Back 264

right posterior parietal and frontal

Front 265

feeling that a person has been duplicated or is an imposter

Back 265

Capgras syndrome

Front 266

damage to these two areas may result in Capgras syndrome

Back 266

right temporal; Bilateral frontal

Front 267

damage to what areas may result in anosognosia

Back 267

frontal, posterior parietal, bilateral, and right hemisphere regions

Front 268

unawareness of deficit that is that is different than denial due to limited defensiveness and lack of awareness not due to psychological denial or avoidance

Back 268

Anosognosia

Front 269

Loss of ability to name or identify fingers of one's own hand or fingers of the hands of another person

Back 269

finger agnosia

Front 270

4 characteristics of Gertsmann syndrome

Back 270

finger recognition, acalculia, right left disorientation, and agraphia

Front 271

autotopagnosia

Back 271

loss of ability to id parts of one's body to command or imitation

Front 272

inability to id left and righ side of one's own body or another person's body

Back 272

right-left disorientation

Front 273

somatagnosia

Back 273

disturbance in general feeling perstaining to existence of one's body or body schema

Front 274

Somatagnosia is result of dysfunction of what lobe?

Back 274

parietal

Front 275

Two types of somatagnosias

Back 275

asterogosia; asomatognosia

Front 276

astereognosia

Back 276

loss of ability to recognize the nature of object by tactual ability or physical features (shape, size)

Front 277

asomatognosia

Back 277

disturbance in knowlede of ones own body and bodily condition (e.g. hemispatial inattention)

Front 278

Lesion location in finger agnosia

Back 278

left inferior parietal lobe particularly angular gyrus

Front 279

lesion location in right left disorientation

Back 279

left inferior parietal lobe esp angular gyrus

Front 280

lesion location in asterognosia

Back 280

unilateral posterior parietal region and rolandic gyri

Front 281

lesion assocaited with asomatognosia

Back 281

bilateral parietal lobes , unilateral right inferior parietal bordering interparietal sulcus, supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus, or unilateral dominant parietal lobe, especially angular gyrus

Front 282

impairment in ability to carry out purposeful, skilled movement despite normal primary motor skills and normal comprehension of act not explained by weakness, incoordination, sensory loss, concentration, inattention, or Intellectual impairment

Back 282

apraxia

Front 283

Common etiology of apraxia

Back 283

focal lesions, progressive dementia, stroke

Front 284

Apraxia is frequently associated with what other disorders that make differential diagnosis more confusing

Back 284

aphasia and anosognosia or right hemiparesis

Front 285

Examination for apraxia should include:

Back 285

pantomime; evaluation of transitive movements; intransitive movements; and ability to carry out serial acts

Front 286

impairment in planning the movements necessary for speech production manifested in inconsistent articulation errors and difficulty with correct articulatory placement

Back 286

apraxia of speech

Front 287

disorder of motor coordination

Back 287

dysarthria

Front 288

difficulty performing voluntary skilled motor movements of face, tongue, lips, and cheeks on command

Back 288

buccofacial apraxia

Front 289

How to assess intransitive buccofacial gestures

Back 289

puff out cheeks, stick out tongue

Front 290

How to assess transitive buccofacial gestures

Back 290

pretend to suck on straw or sniff a flower

Front 291

loss of normal capacity to use legs appropriately for act of walking even though can demonstrate when laying down

Back 291

gait apraxia

Front 292

localization of speech apraxia

Back 292

uncertain

Front 293

locations of ideational apraxia

Back 293

bilateral nonfocal lesions and with left hemi lesions esp posterior temporal-parietal junction

Front 294

localization of ideomotor apraxia

Back 294

lesions in left inferior parietal lobe or supplementary motor area or lesion in corpus callosum

Front 295

localization of limb-kinetic apraxia

Back 295

pyramidal motor system

Front 296

loss of ability to plan and execute complex gestures as if lost idea behind it or use tool despite knowledge of it resulting in difficulty motor planning adn errors in sequencing actions to complete task

Back 296

ideational apraxia

Front 297

how to assess for ideational apraxia

Back 297

request completion of serial acts

Front 298

loss of ability to perform or pantomime transitive or intransitive gestures on command and to imitate, although spontaneous production of the gesture may remain intact resulting in using body part as if it were an object

Back 298

ideomotor apraxia

Front 299

how to assess intransitive ideomotor apraxia

Back 299

ask to wave or salute

Front 300

how to assess transitive limb gestures

Back 300

ask to pretend to use comb or scissors

Front 301

inability to precisely move hands or legs not related to skilled movement present with pantomime, imitation, and use of objects affecting goal directed transitive movement more than simple intransitive movement, is more often asymmetric, and affects distal more than proximal movement

Back 301

limb-kinetic apraxia

Front 302

language disorder associated with aphasia and alexia or to primarily motoric and spatial deficits

Back 302

agraphia

Front 303

Part of brain often implicated in emotional regulation

Back 303

frontal lobe particularly orbitofrontal and left frontal, right hemi and limbic areas such as amygdala and septum

Front 304

Disoreder where patients are aware they have impairments but have no emotional distress or concern often presenting with neglect

Back 304

anosodiaphoria

Front 305

localization of anosdiaphoria

Back 305

right parietal or frontal

Front 306

inability to understand, process or describe emotions

Back 306

alexithymia

Front 307

localizationof alexithymia

Back 307

right hemi

Front 308

fluctuations of emotion and or increased emotional reactivity

Back 308

emotional lability

Front 309

localization of emotional lability

Back 309

orbitofrontal area, limbic system

Front 310

type of emotional lability, extreme involuntary emotional responses to mild stimulation

Back 310

psuedobulbar affect

Front 311

localization of pseudobulbar affect

Back 311

pseudobulbar palsy or damage to upper motor neuron corticobulbar tract

Front 312

passive behavior with little spontaneous activity and markedly delayed response or speak brief and soft

Back 312

abulia

Front 313

purposeful substitution of many words for a word or other words unable to find that manifests as talking around word finding difficulties

Back 313

circumlocution

Front 314

breadth and depth of knowlege adn understanding acquired through learning, education, and acculturation often resistant to aging and injury/illness

Back 314

crystallized intelligence

Front 315

difficulty in articulation typically able to read and write

Back 315

dysarthria

Front 316

difficulty in vocaliation

Back 316

dysphonia

Front 317

intelligence referring to ability to reason, adapt, solve problems, form concepts, and undestand relationships

Back 317

fluid intelligence

Front 318

substitution or rearrangement of sounds or syllables in otherwise correct words

Back 318

literal or phonemic paraphasias

Front 319

underlying speech sounds in a language and rules governing production of speech sounds

Back 319

phonology

Front 320

context in which words are used

Back 320

pragmatics

Front 321

element of speech that contributes to conveance of meaning through rhythm, stress, pitch, loudness, tempo, and intonation

Back 321

prosody

Front 322

meanings of words and rules governing the use of words...sequencing of meaningful words and sounds to convey meaning

Back 322

semantics

Front 323

substitution of a correct words or phrase for another semanticaly related word or phrase different than Wernicke's due to multiword paraphasic errors or paragrammatism

Back 323

semantic paraphasia

Front 324

rules governing structure of phrases and sentences

Back 324

syntax

Front 325

substitution of one correct word for another

Back 325

verbal paraphasias