Sts 2

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The study and application of structures and materials that have dimensions at the nano scale level. The study of nanomaterials and their properties, and the understanding of how these materials, at the molecular level, provide novel properties and physical, chemical and biological phenomena that have been successfully used in innovative ways in a wide range of industries

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NANOSCIENCE

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The science and technology of objects at the nanoscale level, the properties of which differ significantly from that of their constituent material at the macroscopic or even microscopic scale. It is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses understanding and control of matter at about 1-100 nm, leading to development of innovative and revolutionary applications. It covers all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter on an atomic molecular and supramolehcular scale

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NANOTECHNOLOGY

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the Father of Nanotechnology

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RICHARD FEYNMAN

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Materials used to create displays that have better color, lower energy consumption and longer service life. Chemical substances or materials that are manufactured and used at a very small scale (1-100 nm) Developed to exhibit novel characteristics compared to the same material without nanoscale features: increased strength, chemical reactivity or conductivity

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NANOMATERIALS

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▪ Naturally occurring ✓ Volcanic ash ✓ Forest fires ✓ Ocean spray ✓ Fine sand ✓ Dust ▪ Incidental / Anthropogenic ✓ Produced as a consequence of human activities ▪ Combustion Process (e.g. Vehicles) ✓ Engineered / Manufactured / Industrial ✓ Intentionally produced for a ‘SPECIFIC’ purpose

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Nano SOURCES

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Use of living systems, organisms, or biologically derived materials to develop or make products (Sharfstein,2017). Fundamentally, applied biology and increasingly, the interface between biology and engineering (Sharfstein,2017).

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BIOTECHNOLOGY

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The word comes from: Biology and Engineering, or simply, Biological Engineering.

The application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically-viable products (Abramovitz, Melissa (2015))

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BIOENGINEERING

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Marine and aquatic applications

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Blue BIOTECHNOLOGY

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Use of organisms for the improvement of medical processes

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Red BIOTECHNOLOGY

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Agricultural processes

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Green BIOTECHNOLOGY

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Industrial processes

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White BIOTECHNOLOGY

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basic physical and functional unit of heredity. This is carried on a chromosome.

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gene

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Also called recombinant DNA technology which involves the group of techniques used to cut up and join together genetic material, especially DNA from different biological species, and to introduce the resulting hybrid DNA into an organism in order to form new combinations of heritable genetic material (Rosenberg,2017).

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GENETIC ENGINEERING

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In 1973, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer isolated a gene from DNA of the African E. coli bacteria. During transcription, the rRNA the first genetically altered organisms.

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MANIPULATING DATA

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Genetic engineering can involve building recombinant DNA

DNA molecules that are artificially made from two or more different organisms

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RECOMBINANT DNA

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STEPS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING

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1. Cutting DNA 2. Making Recombinant DNA 3. Cloning 4. Screening

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is an agent that is used to carry the gene of interest into another cell.

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Vector

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are circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the main chromosomes of bacteria

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Plasmid

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many copies of the gene of interest are made each time the host cell reproduces • Remember that bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission so it produces identically offspring. • Cells that received the particular gene of interest are distinguished, or separated, from the cells that did not take up the gene of interest. • The cells can transcribe and translate the gene of interest to make the protein coded for in the gene.

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Gene Cloning

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the insertion, alteration, or removal of genes within an individual's cells and biological tissues to treat disease

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Gene Therapy