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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Somatic
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All body cells (46 chromosomes)
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Germ/sex cells
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Male sperms and female oocytes (eggs) - 23 Chromosomes
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Cell membrane
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Physical iscolation (barrier), regulate exchange and environment (ions, nutrients, waste & cellular products), structural support (cell to cell and cell to tissue)
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membrane proteins
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1) Anchoring proteins (stabilizers)
2) Recognition proteins (identifiers, human leukocyte antigens) 3) Enzymes (catalyze reactions) 4) Receptor proteins (bind to ligands) 5) Carrier proteins (transporters) 6) Channels (water flow and solutes) |
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Cytoplasm
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All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus.
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Intracellular
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Low sodium, high potassium, high proteins.
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Extracellular
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high sodium (think saline), low potassium, low proteins.
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Nonmembranous organelles
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No membrane, direct contact with cytosol.
1) Cytoskeleton 2) Microvilli 3) Centrioles 4) Cilia 5) Ribosomes 6) Proteasomes |
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Membranous organelles
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Covered with plasma membrane, isolated from cytosol.
1) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 2) Golgi apparatus 3) Lysosomes 4) Peroxisomes 5) Mitochondria |
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cytoskeleton
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Back bone of the cell
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Microfilaments
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<6nm
-anchor the cytoskeleton to integral membrane proteins -interact with other proteins (myosin) to produce cellular movement -important for contraction and movement of the cell |
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Intermediate filaments
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7-11nm
-Strengthens cell and maintains shape -stabilize position of other organelles |
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Thick filaments
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15nm
-only found in muscle cells |
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Microtubules
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25nm
-hollow tubes of tubulin protein -provide cell strength, rigidity, anchor organelles -alter shape and aide in movement -move vesicles -form spindle apparatus for cell division -structural component of centrioles, cilia, flagella |
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Ribosomes
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-responsible for protein synthesis
-composed of RNA (60%) and protein (40%) |
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Endoplasimic Reticulum (ER)
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-network of intracellular membranes
-connected to the nuclear envelope -synthesis protein, carbs and lipids -storage of synthesized materials -transport of materials within cell -detoxification of drugs and toxins |
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Smooth ER
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-No ribosomes
-Synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol -synthesis and storage of triglycerides (liver) and glycogen (liver and muscle) -detox |
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Rough ER
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-Fixed ribsosomes
-receives proteins synthesized by ribosomes -modify and package proteins -transfer proteins via vesicles to the Golgi apparatus |
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Golgi apparatus
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-5-6 flat discs stacked together near the nucleus
-modify and package secretion for release through exocytosis -renews cell membrane -packages digestive enzymes to cytosol (lysosomes) |
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Lysosomes
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-Small spherical vesicles
-produced in the Golgi apparatus -contain digestive enzymes -the cell's garbage disposal unit |
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Primary lysosomes
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Inactive enzymes
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Secondary Lysosomes
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Active enzymes
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Peroxisomes
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-Enzyme containing vesicles (smaller than Lysosomes)
-enzymes are produced by free ribosomes -break down acids and organic compounds (produce H2O2 [hydrogen peroxide]) -H2O2 ---> H2O + O2 |
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Mitochondria
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-Bean shaped
-Fuel stations of cell -Energy production (requires O2 + organic substrates) -generates CO2 + ATP |
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Glycolosis
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-anaerobic
-glucose ---> pyruvic acid |
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Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
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-Mitochondria
-Aerobic -pyruvic ----> CO2 |
