Structure & Function Of The Body Chapter 3

Front 1

Cytoplasm

Back 1

containing specialized organelles surrounded by a plasma membrane

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Organization of cytoplasmic substances

Back 2

are important for life

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Plasma membrane

Back 3

forms outer boundary of cell

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Plasma membranes

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are thin two layered membrane of phospholipids containing proteins and is selectively permeable

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Ribosomes

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organelles that may attach to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm also manufacture proteins; often called protein factories

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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Network of connecting sacs and canals, carry substances through cytoplasm, rough ER collects and transports proteins made by ribosomes, smooth ER synthesis chemicals; makes new membrane

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Golgi apparatus

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group of flattened sacs near nucleus - collect chemical that move from the smooth ER in vesicles and process them: called the chemical processing and packaging center

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Mitochondria

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composed of inner and outer membranes; contains one DNA molecule

Involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions; called power plants of the cell

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Lysosomes

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Membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes, have protective function (eat microbes), formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (programmed cell death)

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Centrioles

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Paired organelles that lie at right angles to each other near nucleus, function in cell reproduction

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Cilia

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Fine, hairlike extensions found on free or exposed surfaces of some cells, capable of moving in unison in a wavelike fashion

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Flagella

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Single projections extending from cell surfaces; much larger than cilia; "tails" of sperm cells only example of flagella in humans

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Nucleus

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Controls cell because it contains the genetic code--instructions for making proteins, which in turn determine cell structure and function

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Nucleuss

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CComponent structures include nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromatin granules

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Nucleusss

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46 chromosomes contain DNA, which contains the genetic codeee

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Relationship of cell structure and function

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Regulation of life processes; relationship of structure to function apparent in number and type of organelles seen in different cells

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Diffusion

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Substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space, the particles moving from high to low concentration

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Passive process-not necessary to add ____________ to the system

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energy

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Osmosis

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diffusion of water (some solutes cannot cross the membrane during osmosis)

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Dialysis

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diffusion of small solute particles

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Filtration

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movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of membrane

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Active transport

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processes occur only in living cells; movement of substances is "up the concentration gradient:; this requires energy from ATP

Front 23

Ion pumps

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protein complex in the cell membrane; use energy from ATP to move substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradients

Hint 23

Examples: sodium-potassium pump, calcium pumo

Front 24

Some ion pumps work with other carrier so that _________ or ________ acids are transported along with ions

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glucose; amino

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Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

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both are active transport mechanisms because they requite cell energy

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Phagocytosis

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protective mechanism often used to DESTROY bacteria

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Pinocytosis

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used to INCORPORATE fluids or DISSOLVED substances INTO the cells

Front 28

DNA structure

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large molecule shaped like a spiral staircase; sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate units compose sides of the molecule

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DNA base pairs...

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adenine-thymine or guanine-cytosine) compose "steps"

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DNA base pairs are always the same but...

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sequence of base pairs differs in different DNA molecules; a gene is a specific sequence of base pairs within a DNA molecule

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DNA...

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genes dictate formation of enzymes and other proteins by ribosomes, thereby indirectly determining a cell's structure and functions; in short, genes are heredity determinants

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Genetic information

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stored in base-pair sequences on genes; expressed through protein synthesis

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DNA-

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-contained in the nucleus

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Protein synthesis

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occurs in cytoplasm, thus genetic information must pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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RNA molecules and protein synthesis

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process of transferring genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm where proteins are produced requires completion of transcription and translation

Front 36

Transcription

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Double-stranded DNA separates to form messenger RNA (mRNA); each strand of mRNA duplicates a particular gene (base-pair sequence) from a segment of DNA; mRNA molecules pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they direct protein synthesis in ribosomes and ER

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Translation

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Involves synthesis of proteins in cytoplasm by ribosomes; requires use of information contained in mRNA

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Cell division

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Reproduction of cell involving division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the cytoplasm; period when the cell is not actively dividing is called interphase

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DNA replication

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process by which each half of a DNA molecule; precedes mitosis

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Mitosis

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process in cell division that distributes identical chromosomes (DNA molecules) to each new cell formed when the original cell divides; enables cells to reproduce their own kind; makes heredity possible

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Stages of mitosis

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Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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Prophase

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First stage; chromatin granules become organized; chromosomes (pairs of linked chromatids) appear; centrioles move away from nucleus; nuclear envelope disappears, freeing genetic material; spindle fibers appear

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Metaphase

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Second stage; chromosomes align across center of cell; spindle fivers attach themselves to each chromatid

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Anaphase

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Third stage; Centromeres break apart; separated chromatids then called chromosomes; chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of cell; cleavage furrow develops at end of this

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Telophase

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Fourth stage; cell division is completed; nuclei appear in daughter cells; nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear; cytoplasm is divided (cytokinesis); daughter cells become fully functional

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Epithelial tissue

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covers body and lines body cavities; cells packed closely together with little matrix; classified by shape of cells

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Shape of cells

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squamous

cuboidal

columnar

transitional

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Classified by arrangement of cells into one or more layers; simple or stratified

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Epithelial tissue

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Simple squamous epithelium

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single layer of scalelike cells adapted for transport (e.g., absorption)

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Stratified squamous epithelium

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several layers of closely packed cells specializing in protection

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Simple columnar epithelium

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tall, column-like cells arranged in a single later; contain mucus producing goblet cells; specialized for absorption

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Stratified transition epithelium

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up to 10 layers of roughly cuboidal-shaped cells that distort to squamous shape when stretch; found in body areas that stretch, such as urinary bladder

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Pseudostrarified epithelium

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single later of distorted columnar cells; each cell touches basement membrane

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Simple cuboidal epithelium

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single layer of cubelike cells often specialized for secretory activity; may secrete into ducts, directly into blood, and on body surface

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Connective tissue

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most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body, with many different types, appearances, and functions; relatively few cells in intercellular matrix

Front 56

Areolar (connective tissue)

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glue that holds organs together

Front 57

Adipose (fat-connective tissue)

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lipid storage is primary function

Front 58

Fibrous (connective tissue)

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strong fivers; example is tendon

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Bone (connective tissue)

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Matrix is calcified; functions as support and protection

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Cartilage (connective tissue)

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chondrocyte is cell type

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Blood (connective tissue)

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matrix is fluid; function is transportation

Front 62

Muscle tissue

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movement specialists of the body (ability to shorten or contact)

Front 63

Skeletal (muscle tissue)

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attaches to bones; also called striated or voluntary, control is voluntary; striations apparent when viewed under a microscope

Front 64

Cardiac (muscle tissue)

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striated involuntary; composes heart wall; ordinarily cannot control contractions

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Smooth (muscle tissue)

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non-striated (visceral) or involuntary, no cross striations; found in blood vessels and other tube-shaped organs