Structure & Function 1 Exam 2

Front 1

what are the four types of tissues?

Back 1

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

Front 2

type of tissue that is covering and lining

Back 2

epithelial tissue

Front 3

type of tissue that protects and supports, binds organs together, stores energy, and provides immunity

Back 3

connective tissue

Front 4

type of tissue that gives movement

Back 4

muscle tissue

Front 5

type of tissue that transmits impluses that control and coordinate body activities

Back 5

nervous tissue

Front 6

epithelial cells have an ___ which is exposed to body cavity, lining of internal organs or exterior of the body

Back 6

apical (free) surface

Front 7

epithelial cells have a ____ which attached to a ____ which is part of the basement membrane

Back 7

basal surface; basal lamina

Front 8

___ tissues are closely packed cells with little extracellular material

Back 8

epithelial tissue

Front 9

____ cells are arranged in continuous sheets, in single or multiple layers

Back 9

epithelial

Front 10

the basement membrane is made up of 2 layers. what are they

Back 10

basal lamina and reticular lamina

Front 11

in the basement membrane that clear layer secreted by epithelium is called what?

Back 11

basal lamina

Front 12

in the basement membrane the dense layer is called what? and is secreted by what?

Back 12

reticular lamina; connective tissue

Front 13

what are the 2 functions of basal lamina?

Back 13

regulates the diffusion of proteins and large molecules from connective tissue and scaffolding for epi. migration during wound repait

Front 14

what is the function of reticular lamina?

Back 14

filtering

Front 15

epithelia are _____, blood vessels are located in nearby connective tissue

Back 15

acascular

Front 16

do epithelia have a nerve supply?

Back 16

yes

Front 17

tissue that is adapted for diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.

Back 17

simple squamous epithelium

Front 18

tissue that is found in the lungs and kidneys

Back 18

simple squamous epithelium

Front 19

tissue that is adapted for secretion and absorption

Back 19

simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 20

simple columna epitheliums two forms are ____ and ____.

Back 20

nonciliated and ciliated

Front 21

what are nonciliated simple columnar epithelium's functions?

Back 21

secretion and absorption

Front 22

microvilli is what type of tissue and does what?

Back 22

nonciliated simple columnar epithelium; performs absorption

Front 23

goblet cells are what type of tissue and does what?

Back 23

nonciliated simple columnar epithelium; secretes mucus

Front 24

what is the function of ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

Back 24

aids in movement

Front 25

psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium has what function?

Back 25

secretion and movement

Front 26

pseudostratified nonciliated has no what?

Back 26

cilia or goblet cells

Front 27

what is stratified squamous epithelium tissues function?

Back 27

protection against abrasion

Front 28

a non keratinized tissue remains _____

Back 28

moist

Front 29

a keratinized tissue is ____.

Back 29

waterproof

Front 30

what is the function of stratified cuboial epithelium?

Back 30

mainly protective

Front 31

what is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

Back 31

protects and secretes

Front 32

what is the function of transitional epithelium?

Back 32

capable of streching
holds tight junctions that prevent leaks and diffusion.

Front 33

where is transitional epithelium located?

Back 33

urinary bladder and parts of the ureters and urethra

Front 34

a single cell or a madd of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

Back 34

gland

Front 35

glands that secrete into ducts or directly onto a free surface.

Back 35

exocrine glands

Front 36

an exocrine gland that accumulated secretions in cell, cell dies, and is discharged with its contents as a glandular secretion. the discharged cell is replaced by a new cell

Back 36

holocrine gland

Front 37

an exocrine gland that are most common which form secretion and discharge by exocytosis

Back 37

merocrine gland

Front 38

an exocrine gland that secretions accumulate near the tip, which pinches off to form secretion. cells repair itself then repeats

Back 38

apocrine gland

Front 39

glands that discharge their secretions into the intracellular fluid, where it diffuses into the blood stream.

Back 39

endocrine glands

Front 40

gland that are called the "ductless glands"

Back 40

endocrine glands

Front 41

glands whose secretions include hormones

Back 41

endocrine glands

Front 42

glands whose secretions include mucus, sweat, oil, ear wax, and digestive enzymes

Back 42

exocrine glands

Front 43

what is the mose abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body?

Back 43

connective tissue

Front 44

what are the 5 functions of connective tissue?

Back 44

1. binding, attachment and support
2. protection
3. insulation
4. storage
5. trasportation

Front 45

what does connective tissue transport and store?

Back 45

transport blood
stores energy and fat soluble substances

Front 46

what are the 3 common characterisitics of connective tissue?

Back 46

1. common origin: all arise form mesenchyme
2. degrees of vascularity: run the entire gamut of vascularity
3. extracellular matrix: largely nonliving ectracellular matrix which separate the living cells of the tissue

Front 47

bc of the ____ connective tissue is able to bear weight, withstand great tension, and endure abuses

Back 47

matrix

Front 48

immature cells names end in ____. these cells can reproduce and form the matrix

Back 48

-blasts

Front 49

mature cells names end in ____. these cells have a reduced ability to divide and form matrix

Back 49

-cyte

Front 50

the ___ may be fluid,. semifluis, gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified.

Back 50

matrix

Front 51

most common type of fixed cell. they secrete the matrix; particularly the fibers of the matrix

Back 51

fibroblasts

Front 52

develop from monocytes. phagocytize bacteria or cell debris.

Back 52

macrophanges

Front 53

leave the blood and wander to infect tissues

Back 53

wandering macrophages

Front 54

remain in cetain tissues and organs important in infection and immunity

Back 54

fixed macrophages

Front 55

cell that are found along blood vessels and produce histamine ( dilates small vessels during inflammation) and heparin (anticoagulant). they are also inallergic responses

Back 55

mast cells

Front 56

cell that store triglycerides. insulate and cushion

Back 56

adipocytes

Front 57

cells specific to bone

Back 57

osteocytes and osteoblasts

Front 58

cells specific to cartilage

Back 58

chondrocytes and chondroblasts

Front 59

cells specific to blood

Back 59

leukocytes and erthyrocytes and hemocytoblasts

Front 60

fibers that are tough and only slightly elastic. often occur in bundles with the fibers parrallel to one another. most common connective tissue.

Back 60

collagen fibers

Front 61

fiber that is composed of a protein called elastin and gylcoprotien framwork.

Back 61

elastic fibers

Front 62

fiber that is made of collagen

Back 62

collagen fibers

Front 63

fiber that is very strtchy and brnach and join to form a network. they provide strength to tissues, but allows the tissue to be flexible and stretchy.

Back 63

elastic fibers

Front 64

fibers composed of collagen and glycoprotein.

Back 64

reticular fibers

Front 65

fibers that provide support and form loose networks of fibrous tissue. they form the stroma or supporting framework of many soft, nonmuscular organs. help form basement membrane

Back 65

reticular fibers

Front 66

fibers found around fat cells, nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth muscle cells

Back 66

reticular fibers

Front 67

fibers found in skin, blood vessels and lungs

Back 67

elastic fibers

Front 68

fibers found in bone, tendons, and ligaments

Back 68

collagen fibers

Front 69

most of the ground substance is usually a combinaton of a ___ and a ____,.

Back 69

sugar and protein

Front 70

____ anchor cells in postion and provide traction for movement of cells.

Back 70

adhesion proteins

Front 71

what are three of the complex compounds that are found in ground substance?

Back 71

hylauronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and keratan sulfate

Front 72

what is the function of ground substance?

Back 72

supports and binds cells together and provides a medium for the exchange of materials

Front 73

connective tissue that is found wrapping organs and under skin

Back 73

areolar loose connective tissue

Front 74

what are 4 functions of areloar loose connective tissue?

Back 74

supports and binds
holds body fluids
defends against infection
and stores nutrients

Front 75

cells are adipocytes and specialize in storing fat.

Back 75

adipose loose connective tissue

Front 76

what are 4 functions of adipose loose connective tissue?

Back 76

energy reserves
insulation
protection
support

Front 77

tissue that consists of reticular fibers and fibroblasts and forms the supporting framework for cells.

Back 77

reticular connective tissue.

Front 78

where can reticular connective tissue be found?

Back 78

liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

Front 79

collagen fibers are arranged in parallel bundles which makes this tissue flexible but resistant to stretching.

Back 79

dense regular connective tissue

Front 80

where is dense regular connective tissues found?

Back 80

tendons and ligaments

Front 81

tissue that has collagen fibers and fibroblasts. fibers are thick and arragned irregularly.

Back 81

dense irregular connective tissue

Front 82

tissue usually forms sheets, and resists pulling in many directions.

Back 82

dense irregular connective tissue

Front 83

where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

Back 83

heart valves, aroung cartilage, bone, muscles, dermis of skin. and aroung some organs

Front 84

tissue consist of elastic fibers and firoblasts. very elastic.

Back 84

elastic connective tissue

Front 85

where is elastic connective tissue found?

Back 85

in lungs, walls of arteries, bronchial tubes, and in the attachments between the vertebrae.

Front 86

most abundant cartilage and weakest.

Back 86

hyaline cartilage

Front 87

cartilage that have very fine collagen fibers and a resiliant gel as its gournd substance.

Back 87

hyaline cartilage

Front 88

where is the hyaline cartilage found?

Back 88

embryonic skeleton , ends of bonds, in nose, and respiratory structures

Front 89

cartilage that is flexible, allows movement, reduces friction, absorbs shock and provides support

Back 89

hyaline cartilage

Front 90

cartilage that have condrogytes in the network of elastic fibers. it maintains the shape of ograns

Back 90

elastic cartilage

Front 91

where is elastic caritlage found?

Back 91

epiglottis of larynx, auditory tubes, and external ear

Front 92

cartilage that contains visible bundles of collagen fibers and combines strength and rigidiy.

Back 92

fibrocartilage

Front 93

strongest cartilage

Back 93

fibrocartilage

Front 94

where is the fibrocartilage found?

Back 94

pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs and menisci in joints

Front 95

what is the basic unit of bone?

Back 95

osteon

Front 96

what types of formed elements do we find in blood?

Back 96

erythrocytes, luekocytes, and platelets

Front 97

muscle tissues which is voluntary, cells are long and have many nuclei and is striated

Back 97

skeletal

Front 98

muscle tissues which is involuntary, cells are short and spindle-shaped, are single nucleus and are nonstriated

Back 98

smooth

Front 99

muscle tissues which is involuntary, cells are branced, single nucleus, striated, and have intercalated disks

Back 99

cardiac

Front 100

what are found in intercalated disks?

Back 100

junctions

Front 101

what are the 3 basic parts of neurons?

Back 101

dendrited (receive signals), cell body, and axon (transmits signals)

Front 102

highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impluses

Back 102

neurons

Front 103

two or more tissues which together perfom a specialized function

Back 103

organs

Front 104

what are the three types of wpithelial membranes?

Back 104

serous, mucous, cutaneous

Front 105

membrane
Location:lines cavities and cover organs.
composition: simple squamoun epithelium over loose connective tissue.
function: secrete a watery fluid for lubrication

Back 105

serous membrane

Front 106

membrane
location: lines cavities that open to the exterior
function: tight junctions and goblets cells
composition:layer of peithelium over connective tissue; epithelium varies with location

Back 106

mucous membanes

Front 107

membrane
location: skin
function: major organ of the integumentary system

Back 107

cutaneous membrane

Front 108

how is synovial membrane different from the other membranes?

Back 108

it contains connective tissue only

Front 109

where is synovial membrane found?

Back 109

line joint cavities

Front 110

what are the 7 functions of skin?

Back 110

1. regulation of body temperature
2. protection
3. sensation
4. excretion
5. immunity/ resistance
6. blood reservior
7. synthesis of vitamin D

Front 111

how does skin accomplish regulation of body temperature?

Back 111

cellular metabolism produces heat as a waste product.
in high temps:
dilate surface blood vessels and produces sweating
in low temps:
surface vessels constrict and produces shivering

Front 112

what vitamin is made by the skin? and what does it do?

Back 112

vitamin D; aids absorption of calcium

Front 113

what are the 3 layers of the skin? and what tissue are they made of?

Back 113

epidermis (epithelial cells), demis (fibrous connective tissue), and hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)

Front 114

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

Back 114

stratum basale (basal layer),
stratum spinosum (prickly layer),
stratum granulosum (granular layer),
stratum lucidum (clear layer),
stratum corneum (horny layer)

Front 115

how many layers of skin do we see in thick skin?

Back 115

5

Front 116

how many layers of skin do wer see in thin skin?

Back 116

4
the stratum lucidum appears to be absent

Front 117

single layer of cuoidal to solumnar cells
stem cells produce keratinocytes
contain melanogyes and merkel cells
deepest layer

Back 117

stratum basale

Front 118

8-10 layers attached by desmosomes
contain weblike system of intermediate filaments
attached by desomosomes

Back 118

stratum spinsosum

Front 119

3-5 layers
where keratinization beginds
cells beginning to die

Back 119

stratum granulosum

Front 120

more apparent in thick skin
3-5 layers
eleidin

Back 120

stratum lucidum

Front 121

dead, flat cells full of keratin
keratin is waterproof
cells are shed

Back 121

stratum corneum

Front 122

what are the 2 types of granules in the stratum granulosum and what do each do?

Back 122

keratohyaline (help form keratin in upper layers) and lamellated (contain water-resistant glycolipid)

Front 123

How does our skin become pigmented?

Back 123

it has 3 pigments: melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

Front 124

what pigment is made in the skin?

Back 124

melanin

Front 125

a polymer made of tyrosine amino acids

Back 125

melanin

Front 126

a yellow to orange pigment found in certain plant products such as carrots

Back 126

carotene

Front 127

yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment

Back 127

melanin

Front 128

pigment that gives off a pinkinsh hue

Back 128

hemoglobin

Front 129

cells that ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system

Back 129

langerhan's cells or epidermal dendritic cells

Front 130

what is the structure of the dermis?

Back 130

connective tissue layer
papillary layer
reticular layer

Front 131

what do we find in the dermis?

Back 131

collagen and elastic fibers, nerves, blood vessels, muscle fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles and gland

Front 132

a type of nerve endings in the skin that are responsible for sensitivity to light touch. they have highest sensitivity

Back 132

meisner's corpuscles

Front 133

nerve endings in the skin, responsible for sensitivity to deep pressure touch and high frequency vibration.

Back 133

pacinian corpuscles

Front 134

mechanoreceptors found in the skin and mucosa of vertebrates that provide touch information to the brain.

Back 134

Merkel discs

Front 135

a blue coloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to the presence of > 5g/dl deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin surface.

Back 135

cyanosis

Front 136

reddened skin that may indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy

Back 136

erythema

Front 137

during fear, anger, and certain other types of emotional stress, some ppl become pale.

Back 137

pallor

Front 138

an abnormal yellow skin tone usually signifies a liver disorder, in which yellow bile pigments accumulate in the blood and are deposited in boyd tissues

Back 138

jaundice

Front 139

a bronze almost metallic appearance of the skin is a sign of addison's disease.

Back 139

bronzing

Front 140

black and blue marks reveal where blood escaped from the circulation and clotted beneath the skin

Back 140

bruises

Front 141

what happens when you eat too many carrots?

Back 141

turn orange

Front 142

layer of the skin that attaches the reticular layer to the underlying organs

Back 142

hypodermis

Front 143

layer of the skin that is loose connective tissue and adipose tissue that contains major blood vessels

Back 143

hypodermis

Front 144

fat collects in the hypodermis. where does the fat first collect in a female and in a male?

Back 144

female: thighs and breast
male:anterior abdomen

Front 145

what is the main function of hair in humans?

Back 145

to sense insects on the skin before they bite or sting
hair on the scapl gaurds the head against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight.
eyelashes shield the eyes and nose hairs filter large particles

Front 146

what protein does hairs contain?

Back 146

hard keratin

Front 147

tiny, smooth muscles attached to hair follicles that causes hair to stand straight up.

Back 147

arrector pili

Front 148

what is the cycles of hair growth?

Back 148

active growth phase
regressive growth phase
resting phase

Front 149

phase in hair cycle where the hair matrix cells die and the follicle base and hair buld shrivel somewhat, draging the hair papilla upward to abut the region of the follicle that does not regress.

Back 149

regressive growth phase

Front 150

how long is a hair follicle in the active phase and the resting phase?

Back 150

active: weeks to years
resting: 1 to 3 months

Front 151

how does nails form?

Back 151

as the nail cells produced by the matrix become heavily keratinized, the nail body slides distally over the nail bed.

Front 152

the crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail. its the visible part of the nail matrix

Back 152

lunula

Front 153

glands that usually connect to hair follicles. and secrets fats, cholesterol, proteins, salts, and cell debris.

Back 153

sebaceous glands

Front 154

what is the function of sebaceous glands?

Back 154

moistens hair and waterproofs skin

Front 155

what are the two types of sudoriferous glands?

Back 155

eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

Front 156

what are sudoriferous glands?

Back 156

sweat glands

Front 157

where is eccrine sweat glands found?

Back 157

palms and soles

Front 158

a hypotonic filtrate of the blood that paddes through the secretory cells of the sweat glands and is released by exocytosis

Back 158

eccrine glands

Front 159

what does eccrine sweat glands secret?

Back 159

water salt, wastes, vitamin c and lactic acid

Front 160

where is apocrine sweat glands found?

Back 160

in the axillary and anogenital areas

Front 161

where does apocrine's ducts empty into?

Back 161

hair follicles

Front 162

what does apocrine glands secret?

Back 162

true sweat, fatty substances and proteins

Front 163

where is ceruminous glands found?

Back 163

in the lining of the external ear canal

Front 164

what is ceruminous gland secrets?

Back 164

cerumen (earwax)

Front 165

what is the functions of ceruminous glands?

Back 165

to deter insects and block entry of foreign material

Front 166

what does mammary glands secrete?

Back 166

milk

Front 167

what are the 4 phase of deep wound healing?

Back 167

inflammatory
migratory
proliferative
maturationn

Front 168

what happens in the inflammatory phase of wound healing?

Back 168

fibrin forms clots

Front 169

what happens in the migratory phase of wound healing?

Back 169

fibroblasts make granulation tissue (tissue grows inward)

Front 170

what happens in the proliferative phase of wound healing?

Back 170

growth of epithelium tissues

Front 171

what happens in the maturation phase?

Back 171

digest original blood clot

Front 172

what is granulation tissue?

Back 172

tissue that grows inward

Front 173

a hard coating on the skin formed during the wound healing reconstruction phase

Back 173

scab

Front 174

when will scar tissue form?

Back 174

With the exception of very minor lesions, every wound

Front 175

burn where only the epidermis is damaged

Back 175

1st degree

Front 176

burn where ther is injuries to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis

Back 176

2nd degree

Front 177

a full-thickness burn that involved that entire thickness of the skin

Back 177

3rd degree burn

Front 178

when a baby is born, it is covered with a white cheesy looking substance produced by the sebaceous glands that protects the fetu;s skin withing the water-filled amnion

Back 178

vernix caseosa

Front 179

how does skin change form infacy to childhood?

Back 179

it thinkens
more subcutaneous fat
and sweat glands become active

Front 180

what affects how many sweat glands become active?

Back 180

climate

Front 181

how does aging affect skin? (5)

Back 181

1. the rate of epidermal cell replacement slows and skin thins
2.bruises and other injury increases
3.lubrication substances decline
4.elasic fibers clump and collagen decreases
5. subcutaneous fat decreases

Front 182

why are the elderly more sensitive to the cold?

Back 182

subcutaneous fat decreases, decreasing the tolerance level

Front 183

how does UV exposure age skin?

Back 183

UVA activates enzymes calles matrix metalloproteinases, which degrade collagen and other dermal components

Front 184

what are the three types of cartilages that are important to the skeleton?

Back 184

hyaline, elastic, and firocartilage

Front 185

what is the function of hyaline cartilage?

Back 185

support with flexibilty and resilience

Front 186

where is hyaline cartilage found?

Back 186

most abundant in articular cartilages, costal catilages

Front 187

what is the function of firbocartilage?

Back 187

heavy pressure and stretch

Front 188

where is fibrocartilage found?

Back 188

menisci and intervertebral discs

Front 189

what is the function of elastic cartilage?

Back 189

where flexibility is needed

Front 190

where is elastic cartilage found?

Back 190

external ear and epiglottis

Front 191

what is the functions of bones? (5)

Back 191

1. support
2. protection
3. movement
4. storage
5. blood cell production

Front 192

what does bone store?

Back 192

minerals, fat (yellow marrow), and growth factors

Front 193

bones that are longer that they are wide? example?

Back 193

long bones; femur

Front 194

bone that is roughly cubed shaped? examples?

Back 194

short bones; wrist and ankle bones

Front 195

bones that are a special type of short bone that form in a tendon. example?

Back 195

sesamoid bone; patella

Front 196

bones that are thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved. example?

Back 196

flat bones; sternum, scapulae, and ribs

Front 197

bones that have complicated shapes that fit none of the other classes. example

Back 197

irregular bones; vertebra and hip bone

Front 198

what do sesamoid bones do?

Back 198

alter the direction of pull of a tendon

Front 199

forms the long axis of the bone.

Back 199

diaphysis

Front 200

forms the bone ends

Back 200

epiphysis

Front 201

the external surface of the entire bone except the joint surfaces is covered by a glistening whit, double layered membrane

Back 201

periosteum

Front 202

central cavity of a long bone. contains yellow or red marrow.

Back 202

medullary cavity

Front 203

plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone.

Back 203

epiphyseal plate

Front 204

large rounded projection; may be roughened part of the long bone

Back 204

tuberosity

Front 205

narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

Back 205

crest

Front 206

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Back 206

head

Front 207

rounded articular projection

Back 207

condyle

Front 208

round or oval opening through a bone

Back 208

foramen

Front 209

canal-like passageway

Back 209

meatus

Front 210

cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Back 210

sinus

Front 211

what are the 4 types of bone cells?

Back 211

osetoblasts
osetoclasts
osetogenic cells
osteocyte

Front 212

primitive stem cells

Back 212

osteogenic cells

Front 213

matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth

Back 213

osteoblast

Front 214

mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix

Back 214

osteocyte

Front 215

brone-destroying cell

Back 215

osteoclasts

Front 216

which type of bone cell comes from a different source?

Back 216

osteoclasts- comes from fusion of monocytes

Front 217

why is it important for osteocytes to connect to each other? how are they connected?

Back 217

they are connected by lacunae and they permit nutrients and wastes form one osetocyte to another throughout the osteon

Front 218

what is the orgaic part of the bone matrix?

Back 218

osteoid

Front 219

what does the osteoid do for the bone?

Back 219

it contributes to the bone's structure and flexibility and great tensile strength

Front 220

what is the inorganic part of the bone matrix?

Back 220

mineral salts or hydroxyapatites

Front 221

what does the mineral salts do for the bone?

Back 221

gives the bone its hardness

Front 222

basic unit of the compact bone.

Back 222

osteon

Front 223

the canal in the center of each oseton that contains minute blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the neesd of the osteocytes

Back 223

central canal

Front 224

extremely small tubular passage or channel of the bone

Back 224

canaliculi

Front 225

a layer of bone matrix in an osteon of compact bone

Back 225

lamella

Front 226

a small space, cavity, or depression; in bone occupied by cells

Back 226

lacuna

Front 227

canals that run at right angles to the long axis of the bone, connecting the vascular and nerve supplies of the periosteum to thoes of the central canals and medullary cavity

Back 227

perforating or volkmann's canals

Front 228

lamellae that are lying between intact osteons

Back 228

interstitial lamellae

Front 229

lamellae that are located just deep to the periosteum and just superficial to the endosteum, extend around the entire circumference of the diaphysis and effectively resist twisting of the long bone

Back 229

circumferential lamellae

Front 230

what is found in the central canal?

Back 230

small blood vessels and nerve fibers

Front 231

how do the collagen fibers differ in alternating lamellae, and what does this do for the bone?

Back 231

they always run in different directions; helps withstand torsion stresses

Front 232

what is the difference between spongy bone and compact bone?

Back 232

spongy bone does not have any osteons

Front 233

how do osteocytes get nutrients?

Back 233

by diffusin through the canaliculi form capillaries in the endosteum surround the trabeculae

Front 234

where do we fine red bone marrow?

Back 234

between the trabecular cavities of spongy bone and in dipoles of flate bones

Front 235

when would be fin red marrow in the marrow cavity?

Back 235

in newborns infants

Front 236

what does red marrow do?

Back 236

blood forming

Front 237

the internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

Back 237

dipole

Front 238

what are the two types of ossification?

Back 238

intramembranous and endochondral

Front 239

ossification that occurs directly in connective tissue membranes

Back 239

intramembranous ossification

Front 240

ossification that occurs in flat bones of skill, mandible and clavicles

Back 240

intramembranous ossification

Front 241

ossification that uses hyaline cartilage formed as models or patterms for bone construction.

Back 241

endochondral ossification

Front 242

how are most bones formed?

Back 242

endochondral ossification

Front 243

what bones are not formed by endochondral ossification?

Back 243

clavicles

Front 244

soft spots on a baby's head which, during birth, enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal.

Back 244

fontanel

Front 245

how does a long bone increase in length?

Back 245

cartilage cells form tall columns that stack pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

Front 246

where does the long bones increase its length?

Back 246

between the epiphysis plate and the diaphysis

Front 247

when does lone bone growth end?

Back 247

when the bone of the epiphysis and diaphysis fuses

Front 248

process involving bone formation and destruction in response to hormonal and mechanical factors.

Back 248

bone remodeling

Front 249

what vitamins are needed for bone formation?

Back 249

C, D, A

Front 250

how does parathyroid hormone affect bones?

Back 250

stimulates osteoclasts and increases blood Ca.
promotes formation of vit D

Front 251

how does sex hormones affect bones?

Back 251

plate closure and osteoporosis

Front 252

how does calcitonin affect bones?

Back 252

inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts which decreases blood Ca.

Front 253

how does a fracture heal?

Back 253

1. a hematoma forms
2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3. bony callus forms
4. bone remodeling occurs

Front 254

what happens in a fracture hematoma?

Back 254

blood clots, cells die

Front 255

what bones make up the axial skeleton?

Back 255

skull, vertebral clumn, rib cage

Front 256

what bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

Back 256

bone of upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones)

Front 257

how many vertebra are cervical, thoracic, and lumbar?

Back 257

7, 12, and 5

Front 258

which type of vertebrae have the most consistent number?

Back 258

cervical

Front 259

twised disease, an abnirmal lateral curvature that occurs most often in the thoracic region

Back 259

scoliosis

Front 260

hunchback, a dorsally exaggerated throacic curvature

Back 260

kyphosis

Front 261

swayback, and accentuated lumbar curvature

Back 261

lordosis

Front 262

when does the secondary curves of the spine develops?

Back 262

cervical curve- when can hold head up
lumbar curve- when can stand

Front 263

what are the three important anatomical landmarks on the sternum?

Back 263

the jugular notch
the sternal angle
the xiphisternal joint

Front 264

superior seven rib pairs attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages

Back 264

ture ribs

Front 265

five pairs of ribs that are with attach indirectly to the sternum or entirely lack a sternal attachment

Back 265

flase ribs

Front 266

rib pairs 11 and 12 that have no attachments

Back 266

floating ribs

Front 267

what bones are in the shoulder or perctoral girdle?

Back 267

clavicale and scapula

Front 268

what bones are in the pelvic girdle?

Back 268

coxal bone: ilium, ischium, and pubis
bony pelvis: sacrum and coccyx

Front 269

joint that has no synovial cavity and bones are joined by fibrous connective tissue

Back 269

fibrous

Front 270

joint that has no synovial cavity and bones are joined by cartilage

Back 270

cartilaginous

Front 271

joint that has a synovial cavity and bones are surrounded by articular capsule and often by accessory ligament

Back 271

synovial

Front 272

when a joint is immovable

Back 272

synarthroses

Front 273

when a joint is partially movable

Back 273

amphiarthroses

Front 274

when a joint is freely moveable

Back 274

diarthroses

Front 275

thin layer of dense, fibrous connective tissue that joins skull bones

Back 275

suture

Front 276

cone-shaped peg fits into socket- roots of teeth held in by periodontal ligaments

Back 276

gomphosis

Front 277

a fibrous joint in which there is more fibrous connective tissue and bones are not geld together as tightly as a suture.

Back 277

syndesmosis

Front 278

what fibrous joint is amphiarthrosis?

Back 278

syndesmosis

Front 279

what fibrous joints are synarthrosis?

Back 279

sutures and gomphosis

Front 280

what does syndesmosis fibrous joints form?

Back 280

interosseous membrane (ligament)

Front 281

a joint in which the bones are united by hyaline caritlage

Back 281

synchondroses

Front 282

cartilaginous joint that is amphiarthrosis?

Back 282

symphsis

Front 283

cartilaginous joint that is synarthrosis?

Back 283

synchondroses

Front 284

joints that are dics of fibrocartilage

Back 284

symphysis

Front 285

what is an example of a symphsis?

Back 285

intervertebral disks

Front 286

what type of joint is diarthroses?

Back 286

synovial

Front 287

what are the 3 structures of a synovial joint?

Back 287

synovial cavity
articular cartilage
articular capsule

Front 288

what are the 2 types of articular capsules?

Back 288

fibrous capsule and synovial membrane

Front 289

type of diarthroses where the articulating surfaces are flat

Back 289

gliding joint

Front 290

what is an example of a gliding joint?

Back 290

between the navicular and 2nd and 3rd cuneiforms of tarsus in foot

Front 291

a diarthroses joint that has a convex surface of one bone that fits into a concave surface of another

Back 291

hinge joint

Front 292

a diarthroses joint that movement is flexion/extension

Back 292

hinge joint

Front 293

a diarthrosis joint that is monaxial

Back 293

hinge joint

Front 294

a diarthroses joint that glides back and forth and side to side

Back 294

gliding joint

Front 295

a diarthroses joint where rotation is prevented

Back 295

gliding joint

Front 296

what is an example of a hinge joint?

Back 296

between humerous and ulna of the elbow

Front 297

a diarthroses joint that is a round or pointed surface of one bone that fits into a ring formed by another bone and a ligament.

Back 297

pivot joint

Front 298

a diarthroses joint that allows rotation.

Back 298

pivot joint

Front 299

a joint that is monaxial

Back 299

pivot joint

Front 300

anterior surface toward midline

Back 300

medial rotation

Front 301

anterior surface away from midline

Back 301

lateral rotation

Front 302

what is an example of a pivot joint?

Back 302

between the head of the radius and radial notch of ulna

Front 303

a joint that is an oval-shaped condyle of one bone that fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone

Back 303

condyloid joint

Front 304

a joint that has flexion/extension and adduction/abduction

Back 304

condyloid joint

Front 305

a joint that is biaxal

Back 305

condyloid joint

Front 306

movement toward midline

Back 306

adduction

Front 307

movement away from midline

Back 307

abduction

Front 308

what is an example of a condyloid joint?

Back 308

between radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of the carpus

Front 309

a joint where one bone is shaped like a saddle and the other is shaped like a rider sittin in the saddle

Back 309

saddle joint

Front 310

a joint that is flexion/extension and abduction/adduction and circumduction

Back 310

saddle joint

Front 311

a joint that is biaxial

Back 311

saddle joint

Front 312

what joint allows opposition of thumb

Back 312

saddle joint

Front 313

a joint that is a ball shapped surface of one bone that fits into a cuplike depression of another

Back 313

ball and socket joint

Front 314

a joint that is flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction and allows rotation?

Back 314

ball and socket joint

Front 315

movement around longitudinal axis

Back 315

rotation

Front 316

a joint that is triaxial

Back 316

ball and socket

Front 317

what is an example of a ball and socket joint?

Back 317

between the head of the femur and acetabulum of the hipbone

Front 318

increase or decrease that angle between two bones

Back 318

angular movements

Front 319

movement that occurs when one, flat, or nearly flat, bone surface glides or slips over another

Back 319

glidding movements

Front 320

a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together

Back 320

flexion

Front 321

movement along the sagittal plane that increase the angle between the articulating bones and typically straightens a flexed linb or body part

Back 321

extension

Front 322

excessive extension

Back 322

hyperextension

Front 323

moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space

Back 323

circumduction

Front 324

turning backward

Back 324

supination

Front 325

turning forward

Back 325

pronation

Front 326

lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin

Back 326

dorsiflexion

Front 327

depressing the foot (pointing toes)

Back 327

plantar flexion

Front 328

the sole of the foot turns medially

Back 328

inversion

Front 329

the sole of the foot faces laterally

Back 329

eversion

Front 330

nonangular anterior movements in a transverse plans

Back 330

protraction

Front 331

nonangular posterior movements in a transverse plans

Back 331

retraction

Front 332

lifting a body part superiorly

Back 332

elevation

Front 333

moving the elevated part of the body inferiorly

Back 333

depression

Front 334

the action taken when you touch your tumb to the tips of the other fingers on the sam hand

Back 334

opposition

Front 335

joint formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Back 335

glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)

Front 336

what type of joint is the shoulder joint?

Back 336

ball and socket joint

Front 337

what is the articular capsule like in the shoulder joint?

Back 337

thin, loose and completely surrounds the joint

Front 338

ligament in the shoulder that provides only minimal strength to the front of the joint

Back 338

glenohumeral ligament

Front 339

what is the superior ligament in the shoulder joint?

Back 339

coracohumeral ligament

Front 340

what ligament in the shoulder joint holds the long head of biceps brachii muscle?

Back 340

transverse humeral ligament

Front 341

rim of fibrocartilage in shoulder joint

Back 341

glenoid labrum

Front 342

what slightly deepens and enlarges the glenoid cavity?

Back 342

glenoid labrum

Front 343

what are the 4 tendons that surround the rotator cuff?

Back 343

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

Front 344

where is the joint of the shoulder the weakest?

Back 344

inferior aspect of the joint where the rotator cuff does not surround

Front 345

why is the shoulder so often dislocated?

Back 345

looseness of articular capsule and shallowness of glenoid cavity

Front 346

wher most of the strength of the shoulder joint which comes from the tendons of the muscles that surround the joint in the ____.

Back 346

rotator cuff

Front 347

what makes the hip joint stable? (3)

Back 347

1. acetabulum is deeper
2. reinforced by acetabular labrum
3. joint capsule is heavy and reinfoced by other ligaments

Front 348

a horse-shoe shaped ring of fibvrocartilage in the hip joint

Back 348

acetabular labrum

Front 349

what are the 3 ligaments that reinforce the hip joint capsule?

Back 349

iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments

Front 350

what does the ligamentum capitis do?

Back 350

it carries blood vessels to the femur

Front 351

what are the twp articulations of the elbow?

Back 351

hinge joint between the humerus and ulna
gliding joint between humerus and radius

Front 352

what ligament in the elbow allos for pronation and supination of the had?

Back 352

annular ligament

Front 353

what is another name for the knee joint?

Back 353

tibiofemoral joint

Front 354

what is the largest and most complex joint in the body?

Back 354

knee joint

Front 355

what are the 3 joints in the knee joint?

Back 355

patellofemoral joint
lateral tibiofemoral joint
medial tibiofemoral joint

Front 356

what type of joint is the patellofemoral joint?

Back 356

gliding joint

Front 357

what type of joint are the lateral and meial tibiofemoral joints?

Back 357

condyloid joints

Front 358

what joint does not have a complete articular capsule?

Back 358

knee joint

Front 359

what are the 5 extracapsular ligaments in the knee joint?

Back 359

patellar ligament
oblique popliteal ligament
arcuate popliteal ligament
tibial (medial) collateral ligament
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

Front 360

what are the 2 intracapsular ligaments?

Back 360

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Front 361

which is the weakest intracapsular ligaments

Back 361

ACL

Front 362

what are the articular dics?

Back 362

medial meniscus and lateral meniscus

Front 363

what two things does the articular dics do for the knee joint?

Back 363

compensate for irregular shape of bones and circulate synovial fluid

Front 364

lines that represent separations between underlying collagen fiber bundles in the reticular region of the dermis

Back 364

cleavage lines

Front 365

when do we need to know about cleavage lines?

Back 365

when having a surgery. of the incision is made parallel to these lines, the skin gaps less and heals more readily than if made across lines

Front 366

if we all have the same relative number of melanocytes, why do we have different skin colors?

Back 366

bc it depends on how much melanin is made and retained. the more the darker.

Front 367

what are the two types of hair found in the human body?

Back 367

vellus and terminal

Front 368

pale, fine hair on human body

Back 368

vellus

Front 369

coarser, longer hain of eyebrows and scalp

Back 369

terminal hair

Front 370

when are burns considers critical? 2nd degree? 3rd degree?

Back 370

2nd: 25% of body
3rd: 10% of body, over face, hands or feet

Front 371

what does the perichondrium do?

Back 371

acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion when the cartilage is compressed

Front 372

what is the importance of sacrifical bonds?

Back 372

break easly on impact, dissipating energy to prevent the force from rising to a fracture value

Front 373

lamellae thatis located just deep to the periosteum and just seperficial to the endosteum, extend around the entire circumfrence of the diaphysis

Back 373

circumferential lamellae

Front 374

what does the circumferential lamellae do?

Back 374

resist twising of the long bone

Front 375

what can too much vitamin A do?

Back 375

can lead to jaunice

Front 376

hormone that is the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity

Back 376

growth hormone

Front 377

hormone that modulate the activity of growth hormone

Back 377

thryroid hormone

Front 378

the portion superior to the pelvic brim, bounded by the alae of the ilia laterally and the lumbar vertebrae posteriorly

Back 378

flase pelvis

Front 379

the region inferior to the pelciv brim that is almost entirely surrounded by bone

Back 379

true pelvis

Front 380

which pelvis is critical to the uncomplicated delivery of a baby

Back 380

true pelvis

Front 381

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

Back 381

bursae

Front 382

in which direction is the shoulder most often dislocated in an athlete? in an older person?

Back 382

athlete: dislocated forward
adults: dislocated downward