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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the TIC do? |
Detection of infrared radiation (heat) and the conversation of the data into a usable image |
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What are the 3 sensitivity modes? |
High - low heat levels (room temp) Mid - elevated heat levels (approx 65 degrees) Low - high heat levels (above 240 degrees) |
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List the uses of the TIC in the MFS? |
- Size up of structures - Aid in searching smoke filled rooms - ID convection currents - ID thermal layer - assist in overhaul - searching at night - detect faulty equipment - detect HAZMAT - assist in MVA |
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What are the limitations of a TIC? |
Cannot see through objects or liquids / not x-ray vision
Cannot see through glass
Cannot see through water
Shiny surfaces reflect infrared radiation
Masking - bodies under blankets (etc) shielded from view No peripheral vision Lack of depth perception |
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What are the three states of fuel matter? |
Solid Liquid Gas |
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◾◾What is pyrolysis? |
The chemical decomposition of a substance due to the application of heat |
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What is flashpoint and firepoint? |
Flashpoint: the lowest temp at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapour to produce a flash on the application of a small flame. The rate of vapour production is not sufficient to support continuous combustion Firepoint: the lowest temp at which a liquid gives off sufficient flammable vapour in air to produce sustained combustion after removal of the ignition source |
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◾◾ What does AIT stand for? |
Auto ignition temperature
Where there is a temperature at which the fuel/air mixture will ignite without the application of a pilot light or spark |
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◾◾ What is the lower and upper flammable limits, and the ideal mixture? |
LFL: minimum concentration of fuel to air that will support combustion
UFL: maximum concentration of fuel to air that will support combustion
IM: concentration of fuel and air that are in ideal proportions and combustion has the hottest and most intense flame. Could be explosive
TEMPERATURE INCREASE WIDENS THE FLAMMABILITY RANGE |
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What are the 2 types of ignition? |
PILOTED: flammable mixture by a piloted ignition source (Open flames, sparks, static electricity, electrical arc) SPONTANEOUS: auto ignition. Fuel will ignite on its own without the application of an ignition source |
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◾◾ What is a FLASHOVER? |
Flashover is the RAPID TRANSITION from a developing fire to full room involvement.
There is a sufficient oxygen there may be a transition to total room involvement (a fully developed fire) |
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What is the over pressure? |
Upper portions of a room where there is a collection of buoyant fire gases. Has a slight positive pressure |
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What is the neutral plane? |
The separation of the two regions of pressure is termed the neutral plane |
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◾◾ what are the pressure regions found within a fire compartment? |
UNDER PRESSURE REGION Area where cooler air is drawn into the seat of the fire. Slight negative pressure. OVER PRESSURE REGION Upper portions of a room where there is a collection of buoyant fire gases. Has a slight positive pressure |
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What do firefighters need to be aware of in a structure fire? |
- movement of the neutral plane (Rise/ fall) - changes in colour of smoke - changes in smoke direction and velocity - pulsating smoke - rapid heat build up - blackening and crazing of glass windows - pyrolysis - flames in over pressure region |
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◾◾ What is BSAHF? |
B building S smoke A air track H heat F flame |
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◾◾ at what point does flammable vapours burn |
When the mixture is between the vapour's LFL and UFL |
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◾◾ List 3 components of smoke |
1. Carbon monoxide (co) 2. Carbon dioxide (co2) 3. Hydrogen cyanide (hcn) |
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◾◾ what does the presence of smoke indicate? |
Incomplete combustion |
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◾◾what synthetics produce combustion gases that are energy rich gases? |
Plastics, polyurethane, foam, oil, paints and rubber |
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◾can pyrolysis occur below the AIT? |
Yes |
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◾◾What is the balance between the 2 pressure regions called? |
Thermal balance |
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◾◾ what is an AIR TRACK? |
The movement of air towards the seat of the fire and subsequent movement of hot buoyant smoke out of the compartment |
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◾◾what are the 2 fire growth controls |
Fuel Or Ventilation |
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◾◾ Explain how a FLASHOVER occurs |
As fire develops and grows, heat increases which leads to an increase in pyrolysis of combustible surfaces. These gases can lead to total room involvement through these gases igniting and fire spread. Adequate ventilation is needed for flashover to occur. |
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◾◾ what is a BACKDRAUGHT? |
A rapid combustion if fire gases that may occur when air is introduced to a room where a fire has been burning with limited or no ventilation |
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◾◾ list the 3 practical fire control and extinguishing methods |
Direct Indirect Gas cooling |
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◾◾What is a temperature check? |
A short pulse into the over pressure region. The amount of water droplets that converts to steam will give an indication of the temperature |
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◾◾ List 3 indicators of deteriorating conditions within a structure |
1. Lowering of neutral plane 2. Changes in smoke colour and smoke pulsation 3. Flames in the over pressure region |
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◾◾ what is the purpose of tactical ventilation? |
Remove the heat and smoke from a structure by improving conditions |
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◾◾What is tactical ventilation definition ? |
The planned and systematic ventilation by firefighters to gain a tactical advantage during firefighting and rescue operations |
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◾◾what are some effects from ventilation? |
- heat and smoke are drawn towards the exhaust opening - build up of smoke may be reduced - the fire may grow larger - there is an increased potential of flashover - there is the potential for backdraught |
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◾◾ describe anti-ventilation |
Planned and systematic confinement of heat, smoke and fire gases and or the exclusion of fresh air. This may help to reduce fire growth rate and prevent fire spread. |
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◾◾ describe the ventilation paradox |
Tactical openings made to release combustion products may reduce smoke logging, lower compartment temperatures, prevent flashover and backdraught and may improve conditions for firefighters. ...HOWEVER... Tactical ventilation may achieve undesirable effects including a rise in temperatures, increased heat release rates, rapid fire development, and extreme fire behaviour Tac vent may cause extreme fire behaviour, flashover, and backdraught |
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◾◾ what is horizontal ventilation? |
Cross ventilation using openings (windows and doors) to remove smoke and heat from a structure. Ideally the exhaust (outlet) is made high on the downwind side of the structure and the inlet is low on the upwind sude of the structure, therefore allowing for natural and mechanical ventilation |
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◾◾ what is vertical ventilation? |
Making high level openings (usually through roof) allowing smoke and heat to escape the structure vertically as smoke is buoyant and heat rises |
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◾◾ what are the 3 objectives of tac vent? |
1. Life safety 2. Fire control 3. Salvage and overhaul |
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◾◾ when should tac vent be commenced? |
AFTER: - fire has been located - fire growth control factor (fuel/ventilation) has been determined - the likely effects of tactical ventilation have been assessed |
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◾◾ what is sequential ventilation? |
Removing smoke abs fire gases poat-fire using a PPV fam to pressurise each smome affected area with thr ither rooms isolated. It is repeated sequentially for all rooms within the structure |
