Structure And Function Of Animals

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Physiology

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Is the study of the function of the structures of the human body

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Tissues

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Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function, such as muscle tissue, bone tissue nervous tissue

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Stem cells

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The first cells that form in an embryo that are capable of producing all other types of cells

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Anatomy

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Is study of the structures that comprise animal bodies

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Epithelial cells

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Line body cavities, ducts, and tubes, and form skin; their role is mainly prtective (skin)

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Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

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Types of epithelial cells

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Squamous

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Cells are thin and flat;

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Cuboidal

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Cells are short, square shaped cubes

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Columnar

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Cells are tall and post or column shaped; often have cilia at their surface

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Exocrine glands

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Secrete substances through ducts or tubes; salivary, sweat, and mammary glands are in this category.

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Endocrine glands

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Release substances called hormones directly into fluids around the tissue.

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Connective tissue

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Connects, supports and anchors parts of the body.

Most numerous type of tissue.

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Fibrous

Loose

Dense

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Types of connective tissue

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Cartilage

Bone

Blood

Adipose

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4 types of Special connective tissue

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Cartilage

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Structural; solid connective tissue; pliable but not easily compressed, so it can withstand a lot of physical stress.

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Bone

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Structural and protective; hardest tissue

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Blood

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Classified as a connective tissue, even though it doesnt really attach to anything; transport mechanism

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Adipose

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Storage, mainly fat;cushions and insulates

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Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

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Types of muscle tissue

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Skeletal muscle

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Main type of muscle tissue found in the body; attach to and allow movement of bones ( striped) voluntary

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Smooth muscle

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Involuntary; found in tissues that are involved in ongoing contraction such as the walls of stomach, blood vessels or intestines; not striated in appearance

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Cardiac muscle

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Only found in the walls of the heart; sole purpose is to pump blood;involuntary, striated

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Nervous tissue

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Made of branching cells called neurons and support cells. Brain, spinal cord, and millions of nerves.

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Dendrites

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Branches that recieve incoming messages

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Axons

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Branches that deliver outgoing messages;can be short or as long as several feet, spanning the body.

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Organs

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Combination of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions

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Stomach

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Which organs contains all four tissue types?

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Organ systems

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Collection of two or more organs that interact together to carry out specific body functions.

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Sensory receptors

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Are cells of fhe body that detect a stimulus, some change in the environment such as the pressure change when you touch something, or heat when you get close to a flame.

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Feedback mechanism

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Responses that help keep systems within normal ranges of operation

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Negative feedback

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Main mechanism for homeostasis

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Positive feedback

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Much less common; the body responds to intensify or continue the change a stimulus has brought to the body.

Ex. Childbirth

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Endothermic organism

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Our bodys internal core temp is maintained at a normal range by metaboluc processes that perform on a negative feedback loop.

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Osmoregulation

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Control of gain or loss of water in the body, as well as dissolved solutes such as salt

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Osmoconformers

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Marine invertebrates; internal and external environments exist under similar conditions

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Osmoregulators

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Freshwater animals and marine vertebrates, terrestrial animals; body must actively keep solutes ib homeostasis and control net water gain or loss

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Renal or urinary system

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Main organ system responsible for osmoregulation

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Kidneys

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Two bean shaped organs located against the rear of the absominal cavity, just underneath the diaphragm

Adjust fluid balance

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Renal

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Refers to the kidneys and their structure

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Renal capsule

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Kidneys are encapsulated with connective tissue called?

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Nephrons

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Thin tube networks througout kidneys, act as filtering structures that exchange water and solutes with the blood.

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Glomerulus

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At the start of the nephron tubule, where the blood capilaties cluster together that feed into the renal tubules

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Bowmans capsule

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Area on the nephron wall that encapsulates the glomerulus

Surrounds the glomerulus

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Filtration

Absorption

Secretion

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Three step process of kidney

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Filtration

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Nephron function

Blood circulates through kidneys.

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Reabsorption

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Nephron function

Filtrate solutes needed by body are passed into capilaries

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Secretion

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Nephron function

Wastes toxins;

Urine