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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Structuralism
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Titchener
Introspective, self report Discover structural elements of mind |
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Behaviorism
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Empiricism
Experimentation and observation |
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Functionalism
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William James
evolutionary perspective, behavior influenced by how we adapt/evolve |
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Psychologist V. Psychiatrist
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psychiatrist can prescribe meds
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Hindsight Bias
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limits of intuition
ex. should have evacuated towers |
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Scientific Method
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Theory, hypothesis, operational definition, replication
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Illusory Correlation
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seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists
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Clever Hans
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Horse that can apparently do math
Observer expectancy causes man to not realize he is doing problems himself |
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Standard Deviation
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how far a point is from the mean
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Statistically Significant
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unlikely to have occurred by chance
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Sensation V. Perception
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detecting stimuli from the body/environment v. mind organizing thoughts into meaningful patterns
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Stimulus
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form of energy that can affect sense organs
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Sensory Receptors
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Detect Stimuli
convert energy into neural impulses serve specific functions |
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Psychophysics
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relationship between stimuli and psychological response
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Transduction
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process where eye converts electromagnetic energy into nerve impulses
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Color V. Brightness
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color determined by frequency
brightness determined by amplitude |
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Pitch vs. Volume
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pitch- frequency of air waves
volume- amplitude of air waves |
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4 Basic Tactile Sensations
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Pressure
Warmth Cold Pain |
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Gate Control Theory
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Can only process limited sensory signals, pain impulses inhibited by closing neural gates in spinal cord
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Lock and Key Model
(Olfaction) |
Olfactory receptors (locks) are built so only molecules (keys) with particular shapes fit, send signals to brain + pass thalmus (memory) and limbic (emotions)
Odors can trigger emotional memories |
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Sensation V. Perception
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detecting stimuli from the body/environment v. mind organizing thoughts into meaningful patterns
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Stimulus
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form of energy that can affect sense organs
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Sensory Receptors
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Detect Stimuli
convert energy into neural impulses serve specific functions |
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Psychophysics
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relationship between stimuli and psychological response
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Transduction
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process where eye converts electromagnetic energy into nerve impulses
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Color V. Brightness
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color determined by frequency
brightness determined by amplitude |
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Pitch vs. Volume
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pitch- frequency of air waves
volume- amplitude of air waves |
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4 Basic Tactile Sensations
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Pressure
Warmth Cold Pain |
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Gate Control Theory
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Can only process limited sensory signals, pain impulses inhibited by closing neural gates in spinal cord
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Lock and Key Model
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Olfactory receptors (locks) are built so only molecules (keys) with particular shapes fit, send signals to brain + pass thalmus (memory) and limbic (emotions)
Odors can trigger emotional memories |
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Sensation V. Perception
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detecting stimuli from the body/environment v. mind organizing thoughts into meaningful patterns
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Stimulus
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form of energy that can affect sense organs
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Sensory Receptors
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Detect Stimuli
convert energy into neural impulses serve specific functions |
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Psychophysics
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relationship between stimuli and psychological response
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Transduction
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process where eye converts electromagnetic energy into nerve impulses
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Color V. Brightness
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color determined by frequency
brightness determined by amplitude |
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Pitch vs. Volume
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pitch- frequency of air waves
volume- amplitude of air waves |
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4 Basic Tactile Sensations
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Pressure
Warmth Cold Pain |
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Gate Control Theory
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Can only process limited sensory signals, pain impulses inhibited by closing neural gates in spinal cord
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Lock and Key Model
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Olfactory receptors (locks) are built so only molecules (keys) with particular shapes fit, send signals to brain + pass thalmus (memory) and limbic (emotions)
Odors can trigger emotional memories |
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Four Major Tastes
(Gustation) |
Sweet
Sour Salty Bitter |
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Taste+Smell=
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Perception of flavor
Impulses converge in brain |
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Kinesthesis (6th Sense)
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Body position and movement
Cause of seasickness |
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Bottum up Processing
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sensory information creates image
ex. smell of cake=seeing cake |
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Top Down Processing
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Experience primes interpretation
ex. seeing cake brings about a certain smell |
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Gestalt Principles
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top down processing
whole is more than sum of parts |
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Object Recognition and How we do it
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contours (borders and edges)
context motion |
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Perceptual Sets
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mental predispositions that influence what we perceive (top down)
ex. hating french people, perceive all French as mean |
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Priming
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seeing the word rabbit-->activates concept of rabbit-->primes spelling hare (not hair!)
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Inattentional Blindness
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Distractability, focusing hard on something else, ignore things
ex. Gorilla comes in while people passing ball |
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Parallel Processing
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The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
ex. vision |
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Thresholds
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The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse (barrier)
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Perceptual Constancy
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perceiving objects as unchanging, consistent shapes sizes and color even as illumination and retinal images change
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Weber's Law
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To be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
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Vestibular Sense
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Sense of body movement
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Conscious v. Unconscious Processing
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unconscious processes a lot at a time, conscious processes sequentially
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Selective Attention
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being conscious of a certain stimulus at a time
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Neuroscience and Consciousness
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Consciousness emerges from the interaction of individual brain events (like a chord created w notes)
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Altered States of Consciousness
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Meditation, drugs, sleep and dreams, hypnosis, near death experiences
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Biological Rhythms
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Annual: geese migrate, bears hibernate
28 Day: menstrual cycle 24 Hour: sleep, body temp, hormones 90 Minute: sleep stages |
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Sleep Theories
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Sleep protects against predators
Sleep recuperates brian tissue Sleep helps memories rebuild Sleep helps growth (pituitary gland releases growth hormone, why older people glow and sleep less) |
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Somnambulism
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sleepwalking
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Nightmares
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frightening dreams that wake sleeper from REM
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Narcolepsy
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overpowering urge to fall asleep even when talking/standing
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Sleep Apnea
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failure to breathe when asleep
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Why do we dream?
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wish fulfillment: can live unacceptable feelings (Freud)
Psychological function: provides brain with stimulation to develop + preserve neural pathways (why newborns need more sleep) |
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Middle Ear
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chamber between eardrum and cochlea, contains 3 tiny bones that concentrate vibrations of eardrum on cochlea
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Cochlea
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coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube, sound waves trigger nerve impulses
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Inner Ear
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innermost part of ear, cochlea contained here
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Ear
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outer ear-->auditory canal-->eardrum-->middle ear-->piston-->cochlea-->inner ear
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Encoding
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by meaning-semantic encoding
visualization- tie to other things organization- chunking, hierarchical organization distributed rehearsals to learn better |
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Storage
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Chunking- helps remember more at once
Duration- easier to remember if more recent |
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Long Term Memory
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Sensory memory + working memory
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Stress Hormones and Memory
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heightened emotions=stronger memories
stress can interfere with memories |
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Flashbulb memory
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a unique and highly emotional moment-->clear strong persistent memory, not free from errors
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Atkinson Schifron Model
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Memory split into working memory, STM and LTM (
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Implicit V. Explicit
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explicit- facts that one can consciously know and decide and implicit- learning an action when individual does not know)
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Forgetting- Encoding Failure
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cannot remember what we don't encode
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Misinformation Effect
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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an experience
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Retroactive Interference
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New information confuses old information in memory
sleep prevents this |
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Habituation
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Decrease in strength of response to a repeated stimulus
Get used to environment (ex. living near fire station) averse stimuli become less averse, pleasant stimuli become less pleasant |
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Discrimination
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ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimuli and other irrelevant stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimuli
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Generalization
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tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a similar response
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Little Albert
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kids have inherent fear of loud noises, banged loud noise over head when mouse came, fear generalized to all things white and fluffy
classical conditioning |
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Spontaneous Recovery
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the appearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause, associations come flooding back to you, realization
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Operant Conditioning
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learning where behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement, diminished if followed by punishment
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Reinforcement Schedules
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continuous- reinforce every time
partial/intermittent- fixed ratio (reinforces after specified number, ex. free drink after 10 purchases), variable ratio- varying number of correct before reinforcement (ex. slots), fixed interval- fixed period of time elapses before enforcement (ex. cheaper insurance for good drivers) |
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Thorndike
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responses that produce satisfying effects are more likely to happen again, bad effects are less likely to occur
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Seligman- learned helplessness
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Group A- lever to stop shocks, Group B- random shocks, no level
Put both together, could jump to other box to stop shocks, Group B accepted shocks-->learned helplessness |
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Shaping, chaining
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procedure in which reinforcers gradually guide an animal's actions toward a desired behavior
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Higher-Order Conditioning
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procedure in which conditioned stimuli in an experiment is paired with new neutral stimulus, creating second (often weaker) CS
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Operant V. Classical Conditioning
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classical- one learns to link 2+ stimuli and anticipate events
ex. Pavlov's dog operant- links a response to a reinforce (positive or negative) |
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Pavlov's Dog
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US- food, UR- salivate, CS- bell, CR- salivate to sound of bell
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Stages of Memory
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Aquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery
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Multiple Intelligences
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general factor of intelligence (central power plant in mind) that has multiple parts,
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Emotional Intelligence
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percieving emotions, recognizing when you or others are upset, use emotions to facilitate thought (right moods for situations), understanding emotion (why happy, sad) managing emotions (self regulation), hard to detect subtle emotions
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Intelligence Testing
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mental age (average 7 year old was 28 pts)/chronological age x 100= IQ
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Aptitude
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all about potential, IQ testing, find those that are most promising
Chauncy and Bryant |
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Achievement
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Standards based, Ben wood Penn Study, standardize curricula
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Reliability and Validity
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consistency over time
does it predict what it say it does |
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Heritability
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Twins share 100% genes, reared apart=.71, together=.85, very close, same because of genes
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Environmental influences
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Grow up in similar environments, end up similar because of up bringing
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G Factor
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general factor of mental ability, spearman, people's scores correlate positively across all domains (multiple intelligences)
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Cattel Horn Theory
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crystallized- knowledge gained via experience v. fixed knowledge
fluid ability- ability to learn |
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Wechsler Model
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Intelligence consists of full scale score (general ability) and verbal and non verbal performance
Four subtests- verbal comprehension, working memory, processing speed, perceptual organization tests: picture ordering, symbols/numbers, block design |
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Sternberg's 3 Intelligences
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Creative- generating solutions, ideas, products
Analytical- evaluate, compare and contract, logic, (IQ tests this) Practical- idea put into practice, adapt to real life demands |
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Binet- School Achievement
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comissioned by minister of education, develops first intelligence test to see which kids are benefitting
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Termann- Innate IQ
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standardized binet's data collection procedures, creates IQ
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Carol Dweck
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fixed v. growth mindset
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Successful Intelligence
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social/emotional intelligence, musical ability, capitalizes on own strength, uses analytical abilities to achieve goals
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Idiot Savants
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one particular area that excels among massive mental impairments (music, math, etc) no daily life intelligence
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Mental Retardation
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IQ below 70
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Mental Giftedness
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IQ above 130, more outgoing, well adjusted, group together
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Salovey and Mayer Model of Emotional Intelligence
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perceiving emotions, emotions to facilitate thought, understand why certain emotions, managing emotions
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Eckman's work with facial recognition
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macro and micro expressions, studied emotion on faces
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Nonverbal Communication
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body language, facial expressions, etc.
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Bandura
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can watch behavior and learn it, observational learning, prosocial behavior (positive, constructive, helpful)
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Freud
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wish fulfillment in dreams, psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings, manifest (censored, symbolic), latent (underlying meaning)
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Watson
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Behaviorism, psych should be an objective science studying behavior without reference to mental processes
believes completely in environment, kids born as blank slates |
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Skinner
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Operant chamber- bar or key that animal can manipulate to get a result, record animals rate, can guide them towards something
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Thorndike
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responses that produce satisfying effects in a particular situation become more likely to occur again, and vice versa, ex. animal getting shocked
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Sternberg
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successful intelligence compensates for weaknesses and uses analytic abilities to achieve goals, malleability of intelligence
creative, analytical and practical intelligence |
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Gardner
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intelligence is the ability to solve problems, create products, not just analytical ability
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Spearman
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people's scores correlate positively ac cross all domains, multiple intelligences,
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Eckman
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studied emotion on faces
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Loftus
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constructed memories
if false memories are implanted in individuals, they construct (fabricate) their memories |
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Seligman
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dog shocking experiment,
learned helplessness |
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Roediger
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memory illusion, after studying a list of words, will falsely remember words in list that relate to theme
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Dweck
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mindset research
success is innate ability-fixed hard work and learning- growth |
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Binet
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developed first intelligence test that became IQ test, called "the army alpha"
shows if education is helping, what need to change |
