Structural

Front 1

Engineering Mechanics

Back 1

Branch of Engineering that deals with the analysis of external effects of forces on rigid bodies

Front 2

Kinematics

Back 2

Dynamics: do not consider mass; calculates the trajectory

Front 3

Kinetics

Back 3

Dynamics: consider mass; calculates the motion & the causes of that motion

Front 4

Tension / Tensile Force

Back 4

an external force that creates a pulling / stretching action on a material

Front 5

Compression / Compressive Force

Back 5

an external force that creates a push/ squeezing action on a material

Front 6

Resultant Force

Back 6

a single force whose effect is representative of the cumulative effects of each force in the system

Front 7

kg•m/(s^2)

Back 7

Newton =

Front 8

bay length

Back 8

distance between trusses

Front 9

span

Back 9

distance between supports

Front 10

Uniformly Varying Load

Back 10

Load applied on the entire span/ at a specified portion of a structure which varies from zero or any minimum amount of load to any maximum value

Front 11

Free Body Diagram (FBD)

Back 11

An isolation of a force or a system of forces that acts at specific parts of a structure or machine element in consideration

Front 12

Space Diagram

Back 12

A sketch showing the physical conditions of the problem

Front 13

Free-Body Diagram

Back 13

A sketch showing only the forces on the selected particle

Front 14

Free-Body Diagram

Back 14

an isolation of a force or system of forces that acts at specific parts of the structure/ machine element in consideration

Front 15

Equilibrium

Back 15

a state in which the resultant force system that acts on a body vanishes. It means that both the resultant force & the resultant couple are zero.

Front 16

Couple

Back 16

two parallel forces equal in magnitude but oppositely directed. It produces a rotation /moment

Front 17

Friction

Back 17

the contact resistance developed by a body upon another body due to the action of a force that moves/ tends to move the two bodies past each other

Front 18

Moment of Inertia (the mass moment of inertia, angular mass/rotational inertia of a rigid body)

Back 18

a quantity that determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis

Front 19

Strength of Materials

Back 19

branch of Engineering that deals with the internal effects of forces on the body

Front 20

Strength of Materials

Back 20

a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading

Front 21

stress

Back 21

unit strength of element

Front 22

strain

Back 22

unit deformation of a material when loaded

Front 23

stress

Back 23

internally distributed forces that tends to change or resist the effect of forces upon the body

Front 24

Extensometer

Back 24

instrument used to measure a minute deformation; strain gauge

Front 25

stress

Back 25

Front 26

strain

Back 26

Front 27

Hooke's Law

Back 27

"stress is proportional to strain"

Front 28

Young's Modulus / Modulus of Elasticity

Back 28

Front 29

Sir Robert Hooke (the Hooke's Law)

Back 29

Who first noticed the linear relation between the elongation and the axial force in 1678

Front 30

Modulus of elasticity or young's modulus

Back 30

The constant proportionality k is called _____. This is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P

Front 31

Proportional Limit

Back 31

the greatest stress that a material is capable of withstanding without deformation / deviation & obeys Hooke's law

Front 32

Elastic limit

Back 32

the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to it original shape when the load is removed, or the maximum stress that e developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when load is entirely removed.

Front 33

Yield point

Back 33

the stress in a material at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress

Front 34

Ultimate stress

Back 34

a point wherein a material is about to rupture

Front 35

Yield point

Back 35

The point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation/ yielding without any increase in load.

Front 36

Ultimate strength

Back 36

the maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram

Front 37

Rupture strength/ the breaking strength

Back 37

the strength of the material at rupture

Front 38

Elastic Range

Back 38

the region in stress-strain diagram from 0 to P

Front 39

Plastic Range

Back 39

the region in stress-strain diagram from P to R

Front 40

Modulus of Resilience

Back 40

the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is gradually increased from O to P, in N•m/m3 . May be calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve from the origin O up to the elastic limit E

Front 41

Resilience of the material

Back 41

the material's ability to absorb energy without creating a permanent distortion

Front 42

Modulus of toughness

Back 42

the work done on a unit volume of the material as the force is gradually increased from O to R , in N•in/m3.

May be calculated as the area under the entire stress-strain curve (from O to R)

Front 43

toughness of a material

Back 43

material's ability to absorb energy without causing it to break

Front 44

Young's modulus/ Modulus of Elasticity

Back 44

A property of the material that tells us how easily it can stretch & deform & is defined as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain

Front 45

Young's modulus/ Modulus of Elasticity

Back 45

the ratio of load per unit area (stress ) to the elastic deformation per unit length (strain).

Front 46

Modulus of Rigidity/ Shear Modulus

Back 46

the ratio of shear stress to the displacement per unit sample length (shear strain); the coefficient of elasticity for a shearing force; denoted by G defined as the ratio of shear stress the shear strain

Front 47

Plasticity

Back 47

the property of a material, by virtue of which, a permanent deformation (without fracture ) takes place whenever it is subjected to action of external forces / load

-inelastic strain in a material

Front 48

toughness

Back 48

property of a material that does not break under a sudden shock ability of material to withstand shock loading ; ability to absorb energy before rupturing

Front 49

Resilience

Back 49

The capacity of a material to absorb energy elastically;

the maximum energy which can be stored in a material up to elastic limit ;

the capacity of material to bear shocks & vibrations.

Front 50

Tensile strength

Back 50

the ability of a material to stretch without breaking/ snapping

Front 51

Yield strength

Back 51

stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation

Front 52

Impact strength

Back 52

the reaction of stationary object to a collusion w/ a moving body; The energy required to fracture a material under an impact force

Front 53

Ductility

Back 53

a measure of the deformation at fracture; defined by percent elongation/ percent reduction in area; property that enables the material to deform under tensile load

Front 54

Hardness

Back 54

property of a material that enables it to resist plastic deformation , usually by penetration

Front 55

Ductile Fracture

Back 55

a gradual process of nucleation, growth & coalescence of micro-cracks in the structure + local stress concentration; extensive plastic deformation ; fracture surface is rough, fibrous, & dull (Characteristic 'cup & cone' shape)

Front 56

Fatigue strength

Back 56

at which a material does not fail under repeated loading

Front 57

fatigue

Back 57

A progressive fracture / failure under repeated loading

Front 58

fatigue

Back 58

when materials fails at stresses below the yield point ; a structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading

Front 59

Creep

Back 59

continuous deformation of concrete with time under loads; time-dependent deformation which occurs at elevated temperature ; plastic flow may occur; ability to flow like fluid

Front 60

Wear Resistance

Back 60

capacity of a material to resist abrasion

Front 61

Rupture strength

Back 61

strength in which a material breaks/ cracks ; the ability to resist this failure

Front 62

Malleability

Back 62

the quality of something that can be shaped into something else, without breaking

Front 63

Malleability

Back 63

the ability to deform under compressive stress / load

Front 64

gold

Back 64

the most malleable metal

Front 65

Modulus of Elasticity; Young's Modulus

Back 65

the ratio between the unit stress& the unit deformation caused by stress

Front 66

Shear Modulus of Elasticity / modulus of Rigidity (G) / Modulus of torsion

Back 66

the ratio between shearing stress the shearing stain

Front 67

Poisson's Ratio

Back 67

the ratio of the transverse contraction strain to longitudinal extension strain in the direction of stretching force

Front 68

Poisson's Ratio

Back 68

Front 69

Strain Rate Effect

Back 69

the behavior an increased rate of load application can cause in normally ductile material

Front 70

Temperature Effect

Back 70

the brittle behavior a low temperature can cause in a normally ductile material

Front 71

Stress

Back 71

When a material is loaded with a force it produces ________

Front 72

Strain

Back 72

The response of the system to an applied stress

Front 73

Strain

Back 73

Engineering ______ is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material.

Front 74

1 Pascal (Pa) or 1 N/m2

pound-force per square inch or psi

Back 74

Stress is expressed in ___or__.

In Imperial units, stress is measured in __or___.

Front 75

Compressive stress

Back 75

a stress that tends to cause a body to become shorter along the direction of applied force.

Front 76

Axial stress

Back 76

a stress that tends to change the length of a material

Front 77

Tensile stress

Back 77

axial stress that tends to cause a body to become longer along the direction of applied force

Front 78

Strain

Back 78

Change in length divided by the initial length

Front 79

strain

Back 79

term used to measure the deformation/ extension of a body that is subjected to a force / set of forces

Front 80

Shearing stress

Back 80

a stress produced when one body slides the other

Front 81

Bearing/ Normal stress

Back 81

a stress produced when one body is in contact normal to the other

Front 82

Bearing/ Normal stress

Back 82

contact pressure between separate bodies

Front 83

Compressive stress

Back 83

the internal stress caused by a compressive force

Front 84

Torsional Stress

Back 84

a stress produced when the force applied tends to twist the body

Front 85

Torsional Stress

Back 85

specific type of Shear stress in which one end of a part is secured while the other end is twisted

Front 86

Torsion

Back 86

the twisting of an object due to an applied torque

Front 87

Circumferential stress

Back 87

a stress produced at the thin-walled cylinders

Front 88

Bending/ Flexural stress

Back 88

tends to cause bending of materials like beams.

Front 89

Flexural/ Bending stress

Back 89

Force per unit area of a material that is subjected to flexural loading

Front 90

Flexural strength

Back 90

the ability of the material to withstand bending forces applied perpendicular to its longitudinal axis, the stresses induced due to the flexural load are a combination of compressive & tensile stresses

Front 91

Thermal stress

Back 91

the physical & Physiological reactions of the human body to temperatures that fall outside of the human normal comfort zone

Front 92

Bond stress

Back 92

the force of adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces, such as between concrete & a steel reinforcing bar

Front 93

allowable stress

Back 93

the maximum stress that a material can carry without failure

Front 94

Ultimate Stress

Back 94

maximum stress a material can handle before fracture

Front 95

Fatigue stress

Back 95

the stress level below which an infinite number of loading cycles can be applied without failure

Front 96

Fatigue limit or fatigue strength

Back 96

the endurance limit

Front 97

Rupture stress

Back 97

the sudden & complete failure of a material under stress

Front 98

point of contraflexure

Back 98

inflection point

Front 99

Compression

Back 99

Act of shortening / state of pushing together

Front 100

Tension

Back 100

act of stretching/state of pulling apart

Effect: elongation

example: Boom chord & web members of trusses

Front 101

Transverse

Back 101

act of bending a structure

Effect: deflection

Example: beams

Front 102

Torsion / moment

Back 102

act of twisting/ bending

effect: shear

deformation / deflection

Front 103

dead load

Back 103

weight of materials & any permanent loads imposed on it.

Front 104

Live load

Back 104

movable loads applied on the materials

Front 105

Wind load

Back 105

force on structure arising from the impact of wind on it; depends on the location (exposure) & typhoon signal

Front 106

Seismic load

Back 106

force on structure arising from the impact of earthquake on it. It depends on the epicenter & magnitude of earthquake

Front 107

Impact load

Back 107

abrupt application of load . It is an additional load based on the weight applied on the material (NSCP)

Front 108

Hydrostatic pressure

Back 108

force on structure exerted by water

Front 109

Soil pressure

Back 109

force on structure exerted by soil

Front 110

three-second gust speed at 10m above the ground in Exposure C

Back 110

Basic wind speed (NSCP)

Front 111

Punching Shear

Back 111

arises when a concentrated load is applied to a small area of a slab or, most commonly, the reaction of a column against a slab

Front 112

Angle of repose

Back 112

The steepest angle at which a sloping surface formed of a particular loose material is stable. It varies locally according to the mechanics & strength

Front 113

Angle of Friction

Back 113

the angle between the total reaction & the normal force when limiting fiction is acting

Front 114

Concurrent forces

Back 114

Forces whose lines of action meet at a common point

Front 115

slenderness ratio

Back 115

ratio of effective length & radius of gyration

Front 116

Radius of gyration

Back 116

the measure of the propensity of a column to buckle

Front 117

radius of gyration

Back 117

where I = moment of inertia

Front 118

Slenderness Ratio

Back 118

Front 119

Inflection point

Back 119

a point in the elastic diagram in which the curvature reverses as it changes from concave to convex or vise versa

Front 120

Inflection point(changes its curvature)/ point of contraflexure (bending moment changes in sign)

Back 120

A point within the beam where the moment is zero

Front 121

Structure

Back 121

an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads & resists lateral forces

Front 122

Slab

Back 122

structural element made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal surfaces such as floors, roof decks, & ceilings; generally several inches thick & supported by beams , columns, walls, or by the ground

Front 123

One way slab

Back 123

a slab which is supported by beams on two opposite sides to carry the load along one direction

Front 124

one way slab

Back 124

A slab supported by beam on all sides, where the ratio of larger span to the shorter span is greater than 2 , or if the short direction to long direction is less than 0.5

Front 125

t = l/ 20 (where l= shortside,& t should be greater than or equal to 100 mm)

Back 125

One-way Slab thickness when slab is simply supported

Front 126

t = l/ 24 (where l= shortside,& t should be greater than or equal to 100 mm)

Back 126

One-way Slab thickness when one end is continuous

Front 127

t = l/ 28 (where l= shortside,& t should be greater than or equal to 100 mm)

Back 127

One-way Slab thickness when both ends is continuous

Front 128

t = l/ 10 (where l= shortside,& t should be greater than or equal to 100 mm)

Back 128

One-way Slab thickness when slab is cantilevered

Front 129

two-way slab

Back 129

a slab supported by beams on all the four sides & the loads are carried by the supports along both directions.

the ratio of larger span to shorter span is less than or equal to 2 or short to long ratio is equal to or greater than 0.5

Main reinforcement is provided in both directions

Front 130

125 mm

Back 130

Two- way slabs without drop panels shall not have a thickness that is less than _____ mm

Front 131

100mm

Back 131

Two- way slabs with drop panels shall not have a thickness that is less than _____ mm

Front 132

75 mm

Back 132

Minimum cover when concrete is cast against & permanently exposed to earth

Front 133

A) 50 mm

B) 40 mm

Back 133

Minimum cover when non-prestressed concrete is exposed to earth/ weather

If 20-58 mm diameter bar: ______(a)

If 16mm diameter bar, MW 200 or MD 200 wire & smaller: ____(b)

Front 134

Minimum cover for slabs, walls, joists when non-prestressed concrete is not exposed to weather/ in contact with the ground

For 42-58mm diameter bars: _____mm

For 36mm diameter bars & smaller : _____mm

Back 134

A) 40 mm

B) 20 mm

Front 135

40 mm

Back 135

Minimum cover for beams & columns when non-prestressed concrete is not exposed to weather/ in contact with the ground For primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals: _____mm

Front 136

A) 20 mm

B) 12 mm

Back 136

Minimum cover for shells & folded plate members when non-prestressed concrete is not exposed to weather/ in contact with the ground

For 20 mm diameter bar & larger: _____mm

For 16 mm diameter bar, MW 200 or MD 200 wire & smaller : _____mm

Front 137

True

Back 137

True/ False:

One-way bending may occur in slabs supported on four sides if L/S> 2

Front 138

l / 360

Back 138

Deflection limitation for floors not supporting or attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections

Front 139

l /480

Back 139

Deflection limitation for roofs /floors supporting/ attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections

Front 140

l/ 240

Back 140

Deflection limitation for roofs /floors supporting/ attached to non-structural elements not likely to be damaged by large deflections

Front 141

Batten Plate

Back 141

Plate rigidly connected to two parallel components of a built -up column/ beam designed to transmit shear between the components

Front 142

l/ 180

Back 142

Deflection limitation for flat roofs not supporting/ attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections

Front 143

Ties

Back 143

Loops resisting buckling failure

Front 144

stirrups

Back 144

Loops resisting shear failure

Front 145

stirrups

Back 145

required to resist the vertical & diagonal tensions in the beam at the same time hold the bars in place

Front 146

150 mm

Back 146

Minimum Depth of Footing above bottom reinforcement for footings on soil

Front 147

300 mm

Back 147

Minimum Depth of Footing above bottom reinforcement for footings on piles

Front 148

200 mm

Back 148

Minimum Footing Depth of wall footing

Front 149

Pile

Back 149

basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is pushed into the ground to act as a steady support for structures built on top of it

Front 150

Floating Foundation

Back 150

Footing used when deep deposits of compressible, cohesive soil are present, & piles are impractical

Front 151

Floating Foundation

Back 151

For this type of footing, the building's substructure is a combination mat & caisson to create a rigid box; the weight of the earth displaced by foundation is equal to total weight of structure, thereby minimizing settlement from consolidation

Front 152

Pile Foundations

Back 152

foundation used when there is a layer of weak soil at the surface which cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer & be transferred to the layer of stronger soil / rock that is below the weak layer

Front 153

Pile foundation (capable of taking higher loads than spread footings )

Back 153

foundation used when a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure , bridge, or water tank

Front 154

Pile Foundations

Back 154

foundations used extensively for the support of buildings, bridges, & other structures to safely transfer structural loads to the around

Front 155

pile driver

Back 155

Precast driven piles are first cast at ground level & then hammered/driven into the ground using a ________; this is a machine that holds the pile perfectly vertical, & then hammers it into the ground blow by blow. Each blow is struck by lifting a heavy weight & dropping it on the top of the pile-.

Front 156

steel cap

Back 156

the pile is temporarily covered w/ a ____ to prevent it from disintegrating

Front 157

Pile driver

Back 157

acts as crane, & lifts pile from a horizontal position on the ground & rotates it into the correct vertical position, & then hammers the pile down into the ground

Front 158

micropiling / helical piling

Back 158

piling used in sensitive locations such as those near an operational hospital/ science lab,and some residential areas,& areas where vibrations could cause structural damage to older buildings that are close by.

Front 159

micropiles

Back 159

high capacity, small diameter (5"to 12") drilled & grouted jn-place piles designed with steel reinforcement to primary resist structural loading; ideal for Underpinning| emergency repairs

Front 160

micropiles / minipiles

Back 160

Methodology: small piles are constructed by digging a hole a little larger than the pile diameter & the full length of the pile using an apparatus like a soil boring machine . Then a precast concrete pile is lowered/ pushed into the hole , & a concrete grout is poured into the gap between the pile & the earth

Front 161

Helical piles

Back 161

steel tubes that have spiral blades attached to them. These can be drilled into the ground, meaning that the pile acts as a giant drill bit, & is rotated & pushed into the ground from above, much like a screw drills into wood. Once the steel pile is driven into the ground, a pile cap is poured on top of the pile to prepare it for the construction above

Front 162

Pile Cap

Back 162

structural member placed on, & usually fastened to. the top of a pile/ a group of pile & used to transmit loads into the pile/ group of piles. In the case of a group, to connect them into a bent

Front 163

Retaining Wall

Back 163

provided when there is a need to support an excavated area or a lower area of at least 1 or 1.2 m or more from an elevated part of the soil; often used to resist the lateral pressure caused by the soil

Front 164

overturning failure

Back 164

the retaining wall simply fails in bending

Front 165

Sliding

Back 165

Retaining wall failure: often had non-cohesive soils. the walls move outward with a passive failure of soil in front of foundation & active failure of soil behind the wall . Often a key is required beneath the foundation to prevent this type of failure.

Front 166

Bearing Check

Back 166

has be performed due to the failure of the soil under the toe of the foundation & a forward rotation of wall

Front 167

overstress

Back 167

(on any part of the retaining wall ) caused by either bending/shear .

Front 168

Anchored Wall

Back 168

Front 169

Piling wall

Back 169

Front 170

Gravity wall

Back 170

Front 171

Cantilever Wall

Back 171

Front 172

Purlins

Back 172

rectangular/ other shape members placed on top of the truss to directly support the roofing materials

Front 173

Roof battens

Back 173

Provide a breathable space allowing any consideration to be eliminated; increase the structural performance of roof truss systems; enable roofing materials to be secured firmly to the roof ; assist with correct alignment of roofing sheets

Front 174

Brittleness

Back 174

the ability of a material to crack / break without appreciable deformation when forces are applied

Front 175

Elasticity

Back 175

the ability of a material to return to its original shape & size when loads are released

Front 176

Creep

Back 176

the ability of material particles to flow like a fluid due to repeated loadings associated with high temperature

Front 177

Flexural strength

Back 177

the maximum bending stress that can be applied to that material before it yields

Front 178

Shear Stress

Back 178

force / stress tending to cause deformation of a material by a slippage along a plane / planes parallel to the imposed stress

Front 179

Circumferential / hoop stress

Back 179

a normal stress in the tangential (azimuth) direction

Front 180

Building Frame System

Back 180

An essentially complete space frame that provide support for gravity loads

Front 181

Bearing wall system

Back 181

structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame

Front 182

Boundary element

Back 182

an element at edges of openings or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms

Front 183

Braced Frame

Back 183

an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces

Front 184

Component

Back 184

a part/ element of an architectural, electrical , mechanical , or structural system.

Front 185

Fatigue

Back 185

the weakening of a material caused by cyclic loading that results in progressive & localized structural damage & the growth of cracks

Front 186

distribution/ shrinkage bars/ temperature reinforcement

Back 186

the bars along long direction; provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily temperature changes

Front 187

Concrete

Back 187

an artificial stone derived from a mixture of properly proportioned amount of hydraulic cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates & water, with or without admixtures

Front 188

Batching

Back 188

the process of measuring concrete mix ingredients by either mass or volume and introducing them into the mixer. To produce concrete of uniform quality , the ingredients must be measured accurately for each batch

Front 189

Compaction of Concrete

Back 189

the process adopted for expelling the entrapped out from the concrete. Study found that 1 % air in the concrete reduces the strength by approx. 6%. If air is not expelled, it results to honeycomb

Front 190

Rodding

Back 190

done continuously over the completed area to effectively pack the concrete & drive away entrapped air using a 2m long rod with 16mm dia. The thickness of layers is 15-20cm

Front 191

Tamping

Back 191

adopting in compacting roof/ floor/ road pavements where the thickness of concrete is comparatively less & surface to be finished smooth & level. A wooden beam of cross section 10cm X 10cm is used.

Front 192

Curing

Back 192

the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture & kept within a reasonable temperature range. The result of this process is increased strength & decreased permeability. It is also a key player in mitigating cracks in the concrete , which severely impacts durability,

Front 193

Slump test

Back 193

To determine the workability of concrete

Front 194

Gradation

Back 194

the particle size distribution of aggregates

Front 195

sieve analysis method

Back 195

Test for grading of aggregates is carried out using the _____

Front 196

Segregation

Back 196

when large aggregate sink to the bottom of the mix during placement & vibration.

Front 197

Cohesiveness

Back 197

the ability of plastic concrete to hold its form

Front 198

admixture

Back 198

material other than water, aggregate or hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete & added to concrete before & during its mixing to modify its properties