Stressors On The Cv System

Front 1

Orthostasis:

1. gravity effects upon __

2. pooling in highly compliant large veins decreases ___

3. how does the redistribution of blood affect CO and MAP?

4. primary compensatory response?

5. secondary compensatory response?

Back 1

1. standing

2. venous return

3. decr CO and decr MAP

4. autonomic reflex response- high pressure baroreceptor reflex dominant and increases sympathetic output and decr parasympathetic

5. muscle pump to incr VR

Front 2

Vasovagal Syncope:

1. common response to __, __,___, etc

2. Medulla oblongata causes a dramatic incr in__ output and a decr in __ output

3. How are HR and BP affected?

4. how are TPR, CO, and MAP affected?

5. loss of consciousness due to decr in __ pressure

6. believed to be b/c of failed __ response

Back 2

1. sudden emotional stress, acute pain, sight of blood

2. parasympathetic; sympathetic

3. both decr (bradycardia and hypotension)

4. all decreased

5. cerebral perfusion

6. activation of baroreceptor

Front 3

Fight-or-Flight:

1. opposite of ___

2. response to __

3. response originating in___, no ___ receptors or reflexes

4. increased __ response

Back 3

1. vasovagal syncope

2. stress

3. CNS; peripheral

4. sympathetic

Front 4

During Fight-or-Flight get:

1. increased ___ blood flow

2. due to what adrenoceptor activation?

3. generalized __ and __constriction

4. due to what adrenoceptor activation?

5. increased CO due to incr __ output & decr__output

6. maintenance of blood volume by __ and __

7. increased CO gives a net incr in__

Back 4

1. skeletal muscle

2. beta-2

3. vaso- and veno-constriction

4. alpha-1

5. sympathetic; parasympathetic

6. incr ADH/AVP and decr urine output

7. MAP

Front 5

Exercise:

1. what happens to CO, HR, and SV?

2. blood flow distribution altered in response to __ demands

3. __ and__ balance

4. both __ and __ CV responses

Back 5

1. they all increase

2. metabolic

3. ANS and autoregulation

4. early and delayed

Front 6

Early response to exercise:

1. ___ organizes early neural response in __ of exercise

2. an early increase in __ allows for incr in HR & contractility

3. an early increase in __ increases blood availability to exercising muscle

4. #3 happens to which tissues?

Back 6

1. hypothalamus; anticipation

2. CO

3. vasoconstriction

4. inactive tissues (renal, splanchnic, cutaneous, etc)

Front 7

Delayed response to exercise:

1. mechanical response increases __ with muscle pump, which incr __ and __

2. chemical response is ___ causing vasodilation

3. #2 decreases ___

Back 7

1. VR; SV and CO

2. metabolites

3. TPR

Front 8

Autonomic response during exercise:

Re-set of arterial baroreflex sensitivity by___

Back 8

Central command

Front 9

Exercising muscle:

1. increased ___ causes arteriolar dilation, net fluid filtration, and incr interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure, and incr lymphatic flow

2. increased ___ causes decr pH, incr temp, and decr Hb affinity to O2

3. increased___ as well

Back 9

1. capillary hydrostatic pressure

2. O2 delivery

3. O2 consumption

Front 10

Exercise:

MAP doesn't increase as much as expected due to increased CO, why is this?

Back 10

B/c MAP is offset by overall decrease in TPR due to vasodilation to working skeletal muscle

Front 11

Hemorrhage/Hypovolemia: Hypovolemic shock:

1. loss of __% of blood volume

2. SBP< __ mmHg

3. DBP< __ mmHg

4. MAP < ___ mmHg

5. feeling of __

6. how is skin?

7.__ output decreases w/ normal fluid intake

Back 11

1. 30

2. 90

3. 60

4. 70

5. faintness

6. cold and moist ("clammy")

7. urine

Front 12

What 4 receptors detect the initial effects of blood loss (hemorrhage, decr MAP, decr ECV) and are responsible for initiating short-term compensatory, reflexive responses to increase CO and TPR in order to correct MAP?

Back 12

1. high-pressure baroreceptors

2. low-pressure baroreceptors

3. central chemoreceptors

4. peripheral chemoreceptors

Front 13

3 other means for correcting for loss of blood volume?

Back 13

1. renal conservation of salt & water to minimize water loss

2. stimulation of thirst to increase water intake

3. net capillary reabsorption (Starling's forces) ("transcapillary refill")

Front 14

Renal conservation of salt & water:

1. ___ and ___ cause decreased filtration rate and decreased Na+ and H2O excretion?

2. sympathetic activity causes __ vasoconstriction

3. this decreases __ blood flow, __ rate, and __excretion

4. 3 endocrine/humoral factors which regulate renal handling of Na+ and H2O

Back 14

1. hypotension and decr renal blood flow

2. renal

3. renal; filtration; Na+

4. RAAS, ADH/AVP, ANP

Front 15

Transcapillary refill:

1. net reabsorption of fluid from __ to__

2. reabsorption helps replace lost___

3. result is initial ___

Back 15

1. interstitial fluid to capillaries

2. blood volume

3. hemodilution (dilution of plasma)

Front 16

1. The result of acute blood loss (ex. hemorrhage) is a balance btwn __ and __ mechanisms

2. If ___ mechanism wins out, there is a positive outcome for the patient

3. If ___ mechanism wins out, there is a poor outcome for the patient

Back 16

1. positive- and negative-feedback mechanisms

2. negative-feedback

3. positive-feedback

Front 17

Problem and response for each:

1. orthostasis

2. vasovagal syncope

3. fight-or-flight

4. exercise

5. hemorrhagic/hypovolemic shock

Back 17

1. P= decr VR and MAP; R= incr sympathetic

2. R= dramatic increase in parasympathetic

3. P= increased sympathetic

4. R= incr sympathetic balanced by autoregulation and vasodilation to working skeletal muscle

5. P= decr ECV and MAP; R= incr sympathetic, incr RAAS, incr ADH, decr ANP