Stress And Adaptation

Front 1

what effect do stressors have on homeostasis?

Back 1

cause reactions that alter steady state for long or short periods

Front 2

what is allostasis?

Back 2

the process of achieving stability, or homeostasis, through physiological or behavioral change based on previous experiance. Comes from cognitive activation theory of stress

Front 3

what is allostatic load?

Back 3

more precise alternative to the term stress, used to refer to environmental challenges that cause an organism to begin efforts to maintain stability (allostasis

Front 4

what are stressors?

Back 4

The events or environmental agents responsible for initiating the stress response

Front 5

what is stress?

Back 5

Transactional or interactional concept
Demand exceeds a person’s coping abilities,
results in disturbances of cognition, emotion, and behavior that can adversely affect well-being

Front 6

what are the 3 components of physiologic stress?

Back 6

1. stressor
2. physiologic or chemical dsitrubance produced by stressor
3. adaptation to stressor

Front 7

what are the types of responses to stress?

Back 7

1. General Adaptation Syndrom
2. Neuroendocrien response
3. Immune Sys Response
4. Psychoneuroimmunologic response

Front 8

what are the 3 stages of general adaptation syndrome?

Back 8

1. alarm stage
2. Resistance or Adaptation stage
3. Stage of exhaustion

Front 9

what occurs in 1st stage of GAS?

Back 9

alarm stage: stressor activates pituitary glad/ hyothalamus and sympathetic NS... ready for fight or flight. CORTISOL is released from adrenal CORtex

Front 10

what occurs in 2nd stage of GAS?

Back 10

Resistance or Adpatation:
1. begins w actions of adrenal hormomes: cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
2.body selects effect defence
3. mobilization for fight or flight continues
- book says cortisol levels drop

Front 11

what occurs in stage 3 of GAS?

Back 11

Exhaustion:
1. continuous stress causes breackdown of adaptations and homeostasis
2. marked by onset of diseases
3. if adaptation unsucessful, causes impaired immune response

Front 12

what are mechanisms of GAS or gneralized stress response?

Back 12

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) production
Antidiuretichormone release (ADH) [released by the posterior pituitary]
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation
Renin-angiotensin-aldosteronepathway activation

Front 13

What hormones are produced by the adrenal glands?

Back 13

1. adrenal cortex
- produces cortisol (fat metabolism)
-Aldosterone (makes kidneys concerve water and excrete K)
- adrenal sex hormones
2. Adrenal medulla
-epinephrine and norepinphrine
-stimulated by sympathetic impulses

Front 14

what is effect of hyperactive or habitual stress?

Back 14

immunosuppression and sympathetic system activation

Front 15

what is the effect of hypoactrive stress response?

Back 15

May increase disease susceptibility with overactivityof the immune response

Front 16

what organs are involved in neuroendocrine response?

Back 16

-cerebral cortex
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-reticular actiating system
-brain stem

Front 17

How does sympathetic Nervous system respond to stress response?

Back 17

aroused:
Causes medulla of adrenal gland to release catecholamines into blood stream

Front 18

what are catecholamines>

Back 18

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Front 19

what effect does epinephrine have when released due to stress?

Back 19

inclunces cardiac action

Front 20

what effect does noepinephrine have when released due to stress?

Back 20

regulates BP- during stress it constricts blood vessels, inhibits GI and dilates puples

Front 21

what are the actions of corticotropin- releasing factor (CRF CRH) or when released by hypothalamus?

Back 21

Hypothalmus releases CRH, which stimulates anterior pituitary to release stored ACTH, which stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete CORTISOL

Front 22

What is the effect of Cortisol?

Back 22

1. increases blood glucose by increases gluconeogenesis
2. induces stronger sympathetic system effect on heart reate
3. decreases TSH and GH secretions causing:
3. decreases non-essential energy-using activities liek hormone production, bone formation, red and white blood cell production

Front 23

what effect does cortisol have on the immune system?

Back 23

supresses immune system and inflammtory response

Front 24

what is often called the stress hormone?

Back 24

Cortisol

Front 25

Why does cortisol production result in increased blood glucose levels?

Back 25

d.Glucose provides energy.
Rationale:The body’s energy requirements increase during periods of stress. Cortisolis the “stress hormone” —one of the effects of cortisolrelease is increased blood glucose levels. Glucose helps to meet the body’s increased demand for energy.

Front 26

What is effect of ADH in stress response?

Back 26

1.causes vasoconstriction which increases BP
2. by making kidneys reabsorb water, causing urine to be concentrated

Front 27

what is the common name of epinephrine?

Back 27

adrenaline

Front 28

what does sympathetic NS activation do to initiate fight or flight response?

Back 28

hypothalmus stimulates SNS to stiumlate adrenal medulla to release Epinephrine and Norepinerine, which increase HR, BP, and stimulate vacoconstriction in gut, skin, kidneys

Front 29

what does renin do?

Back 29

released by kidneys when activated by SNS....converts angiotensinogen (resleased from liver) into antgiotensin I and then ACE into II which are vasoconstrictors

Front 30

what does Angiotensin II do?

Back 30

-strong vasoconstriction
-stimulates adrenal cortex to reease aldosterone

Front 31

what does aldosterone do?

Back 31

after released by adrenal gland, acts on kidneys to activate Na/ K pump, causing reabsorbtion of water and Na, and secretion of K+

Front 32

Angiotensin-converting enzyme must be present in order for aldosterone to be released by the adrenal gland.

Back 32

True
Rationale:Without angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensinII would not be created. AngiotensinII stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone.

Front 33

what do endorphins do in stress response?

Back 33

-regulate ACTH secretion by inhibiting hypothalamic CRF secretion

Front 34

what do GH (somatotropin) do in stress response?

Back 34

Increased levels in blood after stressful stimuli
Prolonged stress leads to suppression of growth hormone

Front 35

what type of receptors to epinephrine and norepinephrine attach to?

Back 35

adrenergic receptors

Front 36

what role does Renin- Angiontensis-Aldosterone pathway have in stress response?

Back 36

Initiates vasoconstriction, which increases BP

Front 37

What is ACE? what does it de?

Back 37

Antiontensin Converting Enzyme: converetes Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II in Renin-Angiontensins-Aldosterone Pathway

Front 38

what effect does Antiotensin II have?

Back 38

1. strong vasoconstrictor (increases BP)
2. stimulates adrenal cortex to release ALDOSTERONE
3. Stimulates Pituitar gland to release ADH
4. Stimulates sympathetic activity
5. Increases NA absorbtion and K secretion

Front 39

what occurs in chronic stress?

Back 39

-prolonged elevation of sympathetic activity and cortisol
-reduced immune response

Front 40

what is effect of PTSD on cortisol levels?

Back 40

They are decreased

Front 41

what is the psychoneuroimmunolgic resposne?

Back 41

Assumes all immune-mediated disease results from interrelationships among psychosocial, emotional, genetic, neurologic, endocrine, and immune systems and behavioral factors

Front 42

what factors affect the ability to adapt?

Back 42

1. age
2. genetics
3. nutrition
4. phychosocial factors
5. sleep cyles
6. time that stress acts
4. physologic reserve

Front 43

what is PTSD?

Back 43

Chronic activation of stress response after potentially life threatening experience

Front 44

what are components of PTSD?

Back 44

1. intrusion
2. avoidance
3. hyperarousal

Front 45

what is intriusion in PTSD?

Back 45

intrusive recollections or “flashbacks” during day and in persistent nightmares
Images, odors, sounds and negative emotions are recalled vividly→distress
Duration varies: seconds, hours, even days
Prevents sleep

Front 46

what is avoidance in PTSD?

Back 46

Emotional numbness, depression
Avoids activities that may lead to recollection of thoughts, feelings, places or people in the events
Disrupts relationships

Front 47

what is hyperarousal in PTSD?

Back 47

Exageratedstartle reflex, increased vigilance
Increased irritability, ansiety
Difficulty in concentration, sleep disturbances

Front 48

what chemical changes are found in person with PTSD?

Back 48

1. cortisol levels are low
2. increased sensitivity of cortisol receptors
3. catecholamine secretion is high, but brain catecholamine levels are low
4. increased CRF
5. increased sensitivity of HPA axis with strong negative feedback of cortisol

Front 49

what is propanolol use for?

Back 49

to treat PTSD:a beta blocker that inhibits the formation of traumatic memories by blocking adrenaline's effects on the amygdala