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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Streptococcus are Gram__ ___ (shape). they are ___ ___ (aer/fac/ana), catalase ___ and require enriched medium containing ___ |
Gram+ cocci; facultative anaerobes; negative; blood |
(+/-); c___; f___ a___; (+/-); b___ |
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alpha-hemolysis refers to ___ hemolysis, resulting in a ___ zone ard the colony. beta-hemolysis refers to ___ hemolysis, resulting in a ___ zone ard the colony |
partial; green; complete; clear |
p___; g___; c____; c___ |
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state 2 impt pathogens which are part of the Streptococcus genus |
1 S. pneumoniae. 2 S. equi |
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S. pneumoniae results in ___-hemolysis on blood agar while S. equi results in ___-hemolysis |
alpha; beta |
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the capsule surrounding S. pneumoniae is made of ___ while that of S. equi is made of ___ ___ |
polysaccharides; hyaluronic acid |
p___; h___ a___ (interstitial cement) |
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the M protein (which is used for adherence) is ___ in S. pneumoniae but ___ in S. equi |
absent; present |
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S. pneumoniae causes ___ in humans, primates, mice, rats, guinea pigs and race-horses in trg. S. equi causes "___" in young ___ |
pneumonia; strangles; horses |
p___; s___; h___ |
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S. pneumoniae resides in the ___ ___ ___, while S. equi resides in both the ___ ___ ___ and the ___ ___ |
upp resp tract (URT); URT; guttural pouch |
u___ r___ t___; u___ r___ t___; g___ p___ |
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name the 3 known virulence factors of S. pneumoniae |
1 polysaccharide capsule (type 3) 2 natural transformation system 3 choline-binding proteins |
1 what type of capsule? 2 (...) system? 3 what kind of proteins? |
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name the 7 known virulence factors of S. equi |
1 hyaluronic acid capsule 2 M protein 3 hyaluronidase 4 streptolysin 5 streptokinase 6 streptodornase 7 pyrogenic exotoxin |
1 what type of capsule? 2 what protein? 3 what enzyme? 4-6 strepto... 7 what type of toxin? (___ (exo/endo)toxin) |
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S. ___ is sensitive to 2 things, and they are ___ and ___ ___ (sodium deoxycholate) |
S. pneumoniae; optochin; bile salts |
pathogen; o___; b___ s___ |
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S. pneumoniae colonises the ___ of ___% of healthy humans and animals, with no adverse effects, but can cause ___ in young children below the age of __ and the elderly above the age of __, and accounts for more deaths per year than any other ___-___ bacterial disease |
nasopharynx; 40%; pneumonia; 5; 60; vaccine-preventable |
n___; number; p___; number; number; v___-p___ |
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S. pneumoniae has a ___ ___ ___ controlled by ___-___ ___ (CSP) which causes the bac to become "___" |
natural transformation system; competence-stimulating peptides; "competent" |
n___ t___ s___; c___-s___ p___; "c___" |
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the natural transformation sys allows for easy trf of genetic info via ___, ___ and free ___ |
plasmid; bacteriophage; DNA |
p___; b___; D___ |
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S. pneumoniae is a/an ___-hemolytic species, and is sensitive to both ___ and ___ ___ |
alpha-hemolytic; optochin and bile salts |
a___-hemolytic; o___; b___ s___ |
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S. pneumoniae is sensitive to bile salts (bac undergo lysis) as bile salts dissolve their ___ ___ ___ |
peptidoglycan cell wall |
p___ c___ w___ |
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S. pneumoniae has a ___ capsule, which enables it to evade ___ ___-___ ___ and ___, making it ___x more virulent than non-capsulated strains |
polysaccharide; C3b complement-mediated opsonisation and phagocytosis; 100,000x |
p___; C___ c___-m___ o___ and p___; number |
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over ___ strains of S. pneumoniae w diff ___ ___ types able to cause pneumonia have been identified, and forms the basis of ___ ___ of the bac |
100; polysaccharide capsule; antigenic serotyping |
number; p___ c___; a___ s___ |
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given the 100 diff polysaccharide capsular types, a vaccine based on one polysaccharide alone is not ___, so a __-___ vaccine has been derived based on a combo of polysaccharide capsule antigens fr the ___ highly ___ serotypes |
feasible; 7-valent; 7; prevalent |
f___; number-v___; number; p___ |
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the 7 serotypes account for ___% of invasive ___ disease in young children |
80%; pneumococcal |
number; p___ |
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the strain of S. pneumoniae with polysaccharide capsule serotype ___ has been associated w ___ __ in young ___ during trg |
3; resp disease; horses |
number; r___ d___; h___ |
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the ___ rxn forms the basis of serotyping and relies on the ___ of the capsule upon ___ of a specific ___ |
Quellung; swelling; binding; antibody how to rmb: Quellung-- quelling-- swelling |
Q___; s___; b___; a___ |
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the test consists of mixing S. pneumoniae w a specific antibody. a ___ rxn is when the antibody is able to ___ to the type of ___ present on the bac, which results in ___ ___ that can be observed under the ___ ___ |
+; bind; capsule; capsular swelling; light microscope |
(+/-); b___; c___; c___ s___; l___ m___ |
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a unique grp of proteins are present on the surf of S. pneumoniae, called ___-___ ___ (CBPs) |
choline-binding proteins |
c___-b___ p___ |
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the 3 types of CBPs are ___, ___ and ___ _/_/_ |
CbpA, PspA, Lyt A/B/C. (choline-binding protein A, Pneumococcal surface protein A, Autolysins) |
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CbpA is an ___ which adheres to the surf of ___ ___ cells |
adhesin; pulmonary epithelial cells |
a___; p___ e___ |
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PspA is a ___ ___ that evades ___ ___-___ ___ and ___ |
protective antigen; C3b complement-mediated opsonisation and phagocytosis |
p___ a___; C__ c___-m___ o___ and p___ |
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LytA/B/C cause the entire culture to undergo ___ once it reaches the ___ phase. this is for the purpose of ___ to improve the chances of the bac's survival |
autolysis; stationary; recombination (Griffith expt) |
a___; s___; r___ |
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S. equi causes "___" in horses, a highly infectious and easily transmitted disease of the URT and ___ ___ located in the head region. usually a ___-___ disease although complications can occur in up to ___% of cases |
"strangles"; lymph nodes; self-limiting; 10% |
"s___"; l___ n___; s___-l___; number |
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S. equi first enters thru the ___, and attach to the ___ ___ |
nose; nasopharyngeal tonsils |
n___; n___ t___ |
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next, the bac spreads to the ___ ___ of the head region, such as the ___ and ___ lnns, where the bac ___ |
lymph nodes (lnns); retropharyngeal and mandibular; multiplies |
l___ n___; r___; m___; m___ |
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multiplication of bac results in ___ lnns which are swollen and painful due to ___ formation. ___ ___ of the ___ lnns often occurs |
enlarged; abscess; spontaneous rupture; mandibular |
e___; a___; s___ r___; m___ |
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transmission is via highly infectious ___ ___ (pus) fr the ___ and ___ lnns |
purulent exudate; nostrils; burst |
p___ e___; n___; b___ |
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upon recovery, up to ___% of horses may become ___ due to persistence of bac in the ___ ___, allowing prolonged periods of __ ___ |
10%; carriers; guttural pouch; bacterial shedding |
number; c___; g___ p___; b___ s___ |
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shedders contribute to ____ in non-immune horses |
outbreaks |
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in the guttural pouch, the purulent exudate ___ to form ___ which need to be ___ ___ |
solidifies; chondroids; surgically removed |
s___; c___; s___ r___ |
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S. equi is usually self-limiting, but in up to 10% of cases, death may occur due to ___ caused by pressure on the ___ fr a severely enlarged ___ lnn. in such cases, an emergency ___ is reqd |
asphyxia; pharynx; retropharyngeal; tracheotomy (incision to trachea to relieve obstruction to breathing) |
a___; p___; r___; t___ |
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what are the clinical signs of S. equi? (5 signs) |
1 rapid onset of fever 2 loss of appetite and difficulty swallowing 3 lnn enlargement 4 purulent discharge fr nostrils 5 ruptured lnns |
1 rapid ___ of ___ 2 loss of ___ and difficulty ___ 3 lnn ___ 4 ___ discharge fr ___ 5 ___ lnns |
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how can one obtain a culture of the bac? |
swab of nasopharynx and/or purulent exudate fr nostril/discharging abscess |
swab of ___ and/or ___ ___ fr ___/___ ___ |
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in order to treat S. equi, one must ___ the lnns, then treat w ___ to aid recovery. provide ___ ___ feeds |
drain; Penicillin; easily ingested |
d___; P___; e___ i___ |
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how should one control the spread of S. equi? |
clinically suspected animals should be quarantined |
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the hyaluronic acid capsule of S. equi acts as an "___ ___" (mimicry) to inhibit ___ ___-___ ___ and ___ |
antigenic disguise; C3b complement-mediated opsonisation and phagocytosis |
a___ d___; C__ c___-m___ o___ and p___ |
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S. equi also has ___ such as __ ___ to help it colonise the host |
adhesins; M protein |
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S. equi has 4 ___: ___, ___, ___ and ___ |
invasins; streptolysin; streptokinase; streptodornase; hyaluronidase |
i___; s___; s___; s___; h___ |
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S. equi also possesses an ___ known as ___ ___ ___ |
exotoxin; streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin |
e___; s___ p___ e___ |
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the hyaluronic acid capsule of S. equi is sim to host ___ ___ present in ___ tissue, giving the bac an "___ ___" that hides bacterial antigens and makes it non-___ to the host. as a result, this enables the bacteria to evade ___ ___-___ ___ and ___ |
hyaluronic acid; connective; antigenic disguise; non-antigenic; C3b complement-mediated opsonisation and phagocytosis |
h___ a___; c___; a___ d___; non-a___; C___ c___-m___ o___ and p___ |
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M protein is an adhesin located in the S. equi ___, and is associated w ___ of the host tissue and resistance to ___ |
fimbriae; colonisation; opsonisation |
f___; c___; o___ |
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M protein aids in colonisation of host tissue by binding to host ___. it also provides resistance to opsonisation by blocking binding of C3b complement to the underlying ___ |
fibrinogen; peptidoglycan |
f___; p___ |
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streptolysin digests host ___ and is resp for the ___-___ production |
erythrocytes; beta-hemolysis |
e___; b___-h___ |
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streptokinase binds to and digests host ___ which causes ___ (fibrinolysis) of ___ ___. this localised fibrinolysis allows ___ of bac within tissue |
fibrin; dissolution; fibrin clots; spread |
f___; d___; f___ c___; s___ |
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streptodornase has ___ activity and digests host ___ |
deoxyribonuclease; DNA |
d__; D___ |
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hyaluronidase digests host ___ ___ present in connective tissue and allows the spread of bac within tissue |
hyaluronic acid |
h___ a___ |
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streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) acts as a ___, which binds to both the ___ ___ ___ (TCR) of the ___ ___ and the ___ ___ ___ (MHC II) portion of the ___ ___ ___ |
superantigen; T cell receptor; T cell; major histocompatibility complex; antigen presenting cell |
s___; TCR; _ c___; MHC II; a___ p___ c___ |
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SPE thus causes ___-___ of T cells (1 in __ T cells inst of 1 in ___ T cells) and massive release of ___, causing ___ __ |
over-stimulation; 5; 10,000; cytokines; toxic shock |
o__-s___; number; number; c___; t___ s___ |
