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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stream
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any body of flowing water confined to a channel
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Job of All Streams
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to drain areas of land of the surface water
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goal of all streams
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to make it to sea-level (base level)
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continental divide
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is the line of elevated terrain that forms the
border between two watersheds. In North America, this is located in the Rocky Mountains and separates the Atlantic watershed from the Pacific watershed. Water to the east of the continental divide will end up in the Atlantic Ocean and water to the west will end up in the Pacific Ocean. |
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what are five drainage basins?
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dendritic, rectangular, trellis, radial and karst
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dendrtitic
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vein-like drainage, smaller streams flowing into larger streams
- most streams drainage basins are this type - this type of drainage in indicative of flat-lying rocks, unaffected by any tectonics - streams in Ohio are this type (Olentangy flows into Scioto, Scioto flows into Ohio, Ohio flows into Mississippi, and then the ocean) |
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rectangular
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drainage that occurs in heavily faulted areas in which the streams turn at very sharp angles (90 degrees)
- this type of drainage pattern almost looks man-made - in Ohio, there are a mere handful of these streams, since there are not a high amount of faults - Southern California has a high number of rectangular drainage patterns |
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trellis
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drainage that occurs in areas of adjacent mountain ridges & valleys, where the stream will flow down a valley, cut through a ridge (water gap), and flow down the adjacent valley
- the pattern looks like a trellis from the air - Valley and Ridge province of central Pennsylvania - The streams around Penn State University exhibit trellis drainage patterns |
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radial
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drainage that occurs in areas of isolated peaks
- the pattern looks like the spokes of a wheel (map view) - the volcanic area in the Pacific northwest (Mt. Hood, Mt. St. Helens) exhibit radial drainage |
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karst
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drainage that occurs in areas that are underlain by limestone
- this type of drainage includes rolling hills, sinkholes, caves, and streams that disappear into the ground - Kentucky and Florida are areas that have karst topography |
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streams flow two basic ways:
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laminar and turbulent
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laminar flow
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stream lines remain fairly straight, smooth, and unchanged through time
- this results in the stream looking ‘like a sheet of glass’ - smooth, relatively calm flow |
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turbuelnet flow
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stream lines are interrupted and do NOT remain straight
- lines are confused and heterogeneously mixed - this results in rough flow: bumpy, choppy, & some white water |
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factors controlling stream flow: these factors determine whether a stream's flow will be laminar or turbulent
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Velocity – change in gradient
Geometry – shape of stream channel Viscosity – ‘thickness’ of water Any change in these three factors will change the flow from laminar to turbulent OR turbulent to laminar |
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what are the three types of sediment
streams can carry? |
Suspended Sediment, Saltated Sediment, Bed Sediment
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Bed Sediment
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large size sediment that is only moved during a time of high energy stream flow (flood)
- this sediment spends most of the time resting on the stream floor - only moved during times of flooding |
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Saltated Sediment
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medium size sediment that is too large for total suspension and too small for no suspension
- moves by intermittent bouncing along the stream bed - sand and course sand grains |
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Suspended Sediment
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small size sediment that is small enough to be suspended in the water column
- clay and silt size grains |
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what are the three types of streams?
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straight streams, meandering streams, and braided streams
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straight streams
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streams that usually occur over short distances
- have a high gradient and may drain mountainous areas |
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meandering streams
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older streams that wind their way across the landscape
- low-gradient, with sandy bars on the inside edge of bends - near by oxbow lakes from abandoned meanders |
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braided streams
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stream that have several smaller channels within the main channel
- low gradient and large and variable load of sediment - usually pro-glacial |
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flood
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an event where a stream experiences overbank flow
- usually occurs after high precipitation or runoff - results in turbulent flow |
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floodplain
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an area adjacent to a stream that receives overbank flow
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Many structures, cities, and people tend to live on flood plains. There are positives and negatives associated with living on a floodplain. The positives include the views, but the most important one is the availability accessibility for recreation and industry. Many cities use the waterways for industrial use, the moving of goods and resources. Many major cities located on floodplains in this country are located in the Midwest.
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Closer to home, some of the downtown areas of Columbus are located on the floodplain, and the beloved Ohio Stadium is located on the floodplain.
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__________ Iowa is located on the floodplain of the Mississippi river and are quite prone to to massive floods
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waterloo
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Two of the most pertinent causes for flooding include ____________ and ____________________. Urbanization includes the expansion of cities into the suburban areas. One time fields, which water would soak into are now paved, and the water runs-off into the closest stream, increasing the chance for flooding.
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an increase in precipitation and an increase in urbanization
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There are several ways to control flooding:
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Levees
Channels Dams |
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THE AVERAGE AMERICAN USES
APPROXIMATELY ________ OF WATER PER DAY!! |
110 GALLONS
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The concept of __________and _______ are both very important when discussing the flow and use of liquids underground. In the case of groundwater, they are extremely important for municipalities.
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porosity and permeability
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Porosity
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the amount of void space in a medium
- rocks that have a chance of having good porosity include sandstone and limestone - rocks that have a chance of having poor porosity include shale, slate, and granite |
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Permeability
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the degree to which the void spaces are connected
- rocks with high permeability allow fluids to move through the rocks (or sediment) layer and a re easily transmitted |
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When thinking about groundwater, the layer of rock being used for it’s water ideally has a good porosity (_________) and a good permeability (________)
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holds a lot of water and allows water to move
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Groundwater
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any subsurface water contained in pore spaces in
a layer of sediment or bedrock |
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What exactly is the WATER TABLE??
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When one starts to dig a hole, we experience the pore spaces are mostly filled with air, with just a few filled with water. This is known as the ZONE OF AERATION (Vadose Zone). This is what makes the soil damp near the ground surface.
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As the digging continues, eventually you will have a high of water flowing Into your hole. At this point, all the pore spaces are filled with water. This Is the ZONE OF SATURATION (Phreatic Zone).
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The WATER TABLE is defined as the top of the zone of saturation
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Groundwater is like any other water
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it flows from areas of more to areas of less. If you are in a room with 8 feet of water, and open a door to an adjacent room, 4 feet of water will flow from one room to the other.
(Until it is equal on both sides) |
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Unconfined Aquifer
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an aquifer in which the groundwater is free to rise to it’s natural level
- it is underlain by a layer of impermeable rock - Aquiclude – an impermeable layer of rock - unconfined aquifers are easily recharged by rainfall |
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Confined Aquifer
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an aquifer in which the groundwater is NOT free to rise to it’s natural level
- it is underlain and overlain by a layer of impermeable rock - confined aquifers are very difficult to recharge and take a long time to recharge |
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Spring
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occurs where the water table intersects the land surface
- results in water flowing freely out of the ground - you may have seen people filling containers on the sides of roads, these are natural springs |
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Artesian Well
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occurs when a well is drilled into an aquifer and the
high water pressure due to the elevation of the recharge zone will cause the water to rise and or flow without being pumped |
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General Misuse
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this occurs usually without knowledge
- many industries along with individuals tend to take advantage of the water availability and misuse the resource -watering lawns during rainstorms (CSCC does this), washing your car during peak hours, wasting water aroundthe house, &c |
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Subsidence
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defined as sinking
- when the amount of water removed from the ground outweighs the recharge, the result is a high amount of void space underground - this results in the surface sinking, due to the weight of the rock above the aquifer - other subsidence locales include the Aral Sea and the San Joaquin Valley |
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Saltwater intrusion
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this occurs in areas that use groundwater and are also located near the ocean
- too much pumping without monitoring and you may start to draw saltwater into your well - once this occurs, your days of freshwater from that well are over - Florida, the Gulf Coast, and southern California are areas that have to be concerned with this potential problem |
