Strat Test 1

Front 1

Sedimentary

Back 1

composition, how its made, identify

Front 2

Stratigraphy

Back 2

science of rock layers

Front 3

Nicholas Steno
(late 1600's)

Back 3

"Father of Strat"
superposition
horizontality

Front 4

Johannes Lehman & Giovani Arduino
(1700's)

Back 4

Temporal Organization:
primary = xtln
secondary = sed
tertiary = volc
quarternary = alluvium

Front 5

Abe Werner
(1700's)

Back 5

Neptunism

Front 6

James Hutton
(1700's)

Back 6

Plutonism
Uniformitarianism

Front 7

Uniformitarianism

Back 7

physical laws/processes that operate today act the same way in the past
ex: gravity, thermodynamics

Front 8

William Smith
(1800's)

Back 8

first geologic map
faunal succession
biostratigraphy

Front 9

Stratigraphy Revolution
(1960's-1980's)

Back 9

plate tectonics
facies analysis
seismic/seq stratigraphy

Front 10

Sediment Accumulation
(3)

Back 10

1) force
2) source
3) basin

Front 11

Accommodation Space

Back 11

-location where sediments accumulate and deposit
-forms via tectonic subsidence

Front 12

Dynamic Viscosity
(Resistance to shape change)

Back 12

τ = μ(dμ/dy)

Front 13

Kinematic Viscosity

Back 13

v = μ / ρ

Front 14

Newtonian

Back 14

shear stress is linearly related to velocity gradient

Front 15

Non-Newtonian

Back 15

fluid viscosity change

Front 16

Froude Number

Back 16

Fr = V / (D* x G)

Subcritical < 1
Supercritical > 1

Front 17

Reynolds Number

Back 17

Re = V * D * ρ/μ

turbulent vs. laminar

Front 18

Competence
(3 Forces)

Back 18

largest particle sediment that can carry
1) lift
2) drag
3) gravity

Front 19

Hjulstrom Diagram

Back 19

Erosion / Deposition

Front 20

Mechanisms for Grain Movement
(3)

Back 20

1) traction
2) saltation
3) suspension

Front 21

Gravity Flows
(4)

Back 21

1) turbidity
2) liquefied flows
3) grain flows
4) debri flows

Front 22

Turbidity

Back 22

turbulence; boumor sequence

Front 23

Liquefied Flows

Back 23

fluidization, pore pressure; dish

Front 24

Grain Flows

Back 24

collisions; dune

Front 25

Debri Flows

Back 25

matrix strength; debri flows

Front 26

Facies

Back 26

body of rock characterized by lithology, physical and bio structures that display difference; processes

Front 27

Facies Association

Back 27

group of facies related to one another; environment

Front 28

Facies Succession

Back 28

vertical sequence of beds characterized by progressive change ie: grain size

Front 29

Walther's Law

Back 29

- used to infer facies associations, successions
- can't use with sharp boundaries

Front 30

Regression / Progradation

Back 30

- movement is shoreline is seaward direction
- proximal environments over distal environments

Front 31

Transgression / Retrogradation

Back 31

- movement of shoreline in landward direction
- distal over proximal

Front 32

Absolute Sea Level

Back 32

eustasy = global position of shoreline

Front 33

Relative Sea Level

Back 33

eustasy + tectonics

Front 34

Reservoirs of Carbon
(3)

Back 34

1. carbonate rocks
2. intermediate waters
3. fossil fuels

Front 35

Differences Between Carbonate/Clastic
(3)

Back 35

1. close to deposition
2. dependent on organic activity
3. rapid in clear shallow open marine

Front 36

Intrabasinal

Back 36

formed and deposited in basin; doesn't move

Front 37

Carbonate Environmental Factors
(4)

Back 37

1. little terrigenous influx
2. water temp
3. water depth
4. water chemistry

Front 38

Carbonate Factory

Back 38

shallow, subtidal, premesozoic

Front 39

Three Carbonate Factories

Back 39

1. Tropical
2. Cool Water
3. Mud Mounds

Front 40

Tropical

Back 40

- Chlorozoan Association
- needs light (algae, coral, plants)
- warm water temp
- abiotic precipitates: ooids, micrite, precipitated wo animal interaction

Front 41

Cool Water

Back 41

- Formal Association
- animals required
- peloids

Front 42

Mud Mound

Back 42

- low in O but nutrient rich
- light or no light
- fine grained carbonate precipitates

Front 43

Origin of Carbonate Mud
(4)

Back 43

1. whitening
2. bioerosion
3. disintegration
4. microdial mecriation

Front 44

90% of modern carbon occurs from:

Back 44

calcitic plankton aka deep oozes

Front 45

mottling

Back 45

burrows

Front 46

Reef

Back 46

wave resistant formed by interplay of organic activity

Front 47

Mound

Back 47

rounded hill like structure of skeletal material

Front 48

Ramp

Back 48

- 1-1.5° shoalwater systems
- no reef

Front 49

Platform/Shelf

Back 49

horizontal flat surface higher then surrounding area

Front 50

fenestral

Back 50

little windows from thrust faults

Front 51

Humid Supratidal/Innertidal

Back 51

draw it

Front 52

Arid Supratidal/Innertidal

Back 52

draw it

Front 53

High Energy Intertidal

Back 53

draw it

Front 54

Lagoon

Back 54

- low energy subtidal area separated from ocean by reef
- draw it

Front 55

Reefal Organisms
(3)

Back 55

1. framework
2. baffled sediment
3. bound sediment

Front 56

Backreef Grainstones

Back 56

carbonate sand aprons on leeward side

Front 57

Massive

Back 57

un bedded

Front 58

Eolian Conditions
(2)

Back 58

1. aridity (wind)
2. sediment (sand)

Front 59

Intermonte

Back 59

sand from erosion of mountains

Front 60

Eolian Sub Environments
(3)

Back 60

1. sand dunes
2. inner dunes
3. sand sheets

Front 61

Small Scale Stratification
(3)

Back 61

1. grain fall (passive)
2. grain flows (mass flows)
3. wind ripple strata

Front 62

Translatent

Back 62

wind ripples

Front 63

Grain Flows

Back 63

- tabular, tapering wedges
- inversely graded
- evident in crossbeds