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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The nervous system needs translation of the energy form of a stimulus into an electrical singal to be processed, this translation is called
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transduction
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How is transduction carried out by?
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by sensory (primary) receptor neurons
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sensory modality
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the Nervous system encoding the qualitative properties (like what is it) based on the types of sensory neurons that are activated by the stimulus.
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light heat, O2 concentrations, skin temperature, damage pain, ect are all types of what?
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sensory modalities.
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What does the nervous system do to determine what kind of sensory information is arriving from the environment? *the neural pathways which the activity will be interpreted* they are important for distinguishing between i.e.: touch, taste, smell the various sensory modalities.
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labled lines = pathways.
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What kinds of receptors tell you that your stretching
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mechano receptors
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what kinds of receptors detect spankings?
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Nociceptors or mechanoreceptors.
prolonged spanking thermoreceptors. |
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What kinds of receptors detect light?
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photoreceptors
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what kinds of receptors detect the O2 concentrations in your circulatory system?
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Chemoreceptors
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Which kinds of receptors are produced by some fish due to muscle activity of other fish, used to detect prey or mates?
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electrical receptors
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3 things that define/are needed for sensory modality?
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Receptors that respond to the physical energy
A unique pathway/labeled line that it produces qualitatively different sensations. ie touch doesn't feel like taste so that you would have two taste feelings.. wierd. |
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What kinds of Action P. do photo receptors generate in order to cause changes in the membrane potential?
How does this change in membrane potential code for intensity of the light. |
They dont make AP, neighter does taste, smell does generate AP however.
The size of the response gives increased electrical response in the primary (receptor potential) neurons In secondary (sometimes primary) when AP arise, the frequency coding encodes the intensity |
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What does absorbption of the photon do in the rods and cones? (rods for b&w cones for color) How does it alter membrane potential in phtotoreceptor cells?
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It causes alteration of opsin, that turns on G-protein to activate PDE, that hydrolyzes cGMP.
By hydrolizing cGMP the channels close because cGMP keeps channels open, and hydrolizing them makes them not do that. |
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Sensory pathway for vision
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Retina>LGN of the thalamus>Primary visual occipital lobe
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What are the two chemoreceptors discussed in lecture? *main ones*
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gustation and olfactory
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Do tastebuds generate action potentials? Why or why not? Where are the taste buds located?
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They don't, close distance LOCAL synapses so they don't have to.
Located on microvilli of the tongue. |
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What are the 5 kinds of gustatory receptor cells and how do they act? (channels):
Do they generate action potentials? What does the channel activation cause? |
Salty: (short distance) Na+ channels (not Na+ AP channels different kinds)
Sour: [H+] activate the same Na+ channels on microvilli Sweet, Umani, Bitter: G-protein coupled receptors, indirectly opeing of cation channels. All result in depolarization that release NT by voltgated Ca+2 channels. |
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Gustation pathway
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CN 7&9
Nucleus of solitary tract (medulla) Pontine taste nucleus Gustatory cortex and insula |
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What kinds of receptors are the olfactory axons? Do they generate AP? Why or why not? Mechanism to open cation channels?
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They are g-protein coupled chemoreceptors.
Binding activates a.cyclase that forms cAMP. cAMP opens cation channels No AP bc they have to travel through the bone and far lolz |
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A difference between photoreceptor channels, and Olfaction channels.
What is the similarity? |
Photo: removes agonist (hydrolized cGMP)
Olf: produces agonist (cGMP) the channels themselves are very similar. |
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What happens when cGMP opens cation channels in olfaction?
What does chlorine do? |
Influx of Na+ and Ca+2
Ca+2 opens Cl- Channels Chlorine effluxes out of the cell because it is unusually intercellularly high |
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Olfactory pathway
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olfactory bulb
pyriform cortex (uncus) hypothalamus MD thalamus Orbito frontal cortex |
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Do hair cells of auditory system generate AP?
How do the hair cells transduce the sensory modality of the vibrational stimulus? Describe the tension in the spring and such. |
No they don't :P
The hair cells are connected via tiplinks that act as springs, the hair cells are arranged in a line from shortest to longest and move as one due to tiplinks. If the hair cells move towards the longest hair cell the tiplink tension will increase causing depolarization, if it moves towards the shorter one the tiplink will be silent as there will be hyperpolarization. (hyper/deoplarizations are from the sensory neurons that the hair cells attach to) |
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audition pathway
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cochlea
cochlear nucleus inferior colliculus MGN thalamus Primary auditory cortex |
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What does the vestibular system sense/transduce?
What does it use to do sense these changes? |
Position of the head and body with respect to gravity.
It uses a cupula that displaces hair cells that alter the closing and opening of cation channels. |
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If i move / accelerate clockwise (lol) how does my endolymph in my cupula "move" due to inertia? how does this movement cause the cupula to move? Which direction does the cupula move?
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Endolymph "moves" counter clockwise causing the cupula to move to the right (counter clockwise) but the endolymph is just moving slower with respect to the wall, its actually Moving clockwise... hmm
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Vestibular pathway
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vestibular end organ
vestibular nucleus VPM thalamus Vestibular cortex. |
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receptor potential
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Graded electrical response in primary receptor, "Graded" ie: increasing the size of the electrical response due to strength in stimulus.
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4 types of somato sensory and their modalities
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touch: mechanotransduction
proprioception: mechanotransduction Temperature: thermotransduction Nociception: thermo & chemotransduction |
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Frequency vs amplitude coding
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both are increase size of stimulus increase response.
Amp: primary sens. receptor cells increases size of elerctircal response. Frequency: Secondary sens or prim. that makes AP, increase the frequency of AP due to increased intensity. |
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what are the 4 sensory receptors :TOUCH: their receptive fields, their speed of adaptation. and what that speed accounts for.
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Meissner: small fields fast adapt.
merkel: small fields slow adapt pacinian: Large fields fast adapt ruffini: Large fields slow adapt pacinian and meissner are fast adapting better at detecting vibration (changes in stimuli) merkel and ruffini are better at telling whether or not your wearing a shirt. (sustained) |
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Rece ive field
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The area where the physical stimulus can be picked up by a particular receptor.
in touch/vision they overlap |
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2point discrimination
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2 closely spaced pencils touch and you can tell if there are small receptor fields
and is due to lateral inhibition not of the primary but of the lateral inhibitory interneurons that inhibit the secondary neurons. |
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Somatotopic mapping
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gentials lolz
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Mechano transduction in touch sensory receptor neurons what do you see at the Spinal cord? What do you see a close distance to the receptor? on the receptor? Why is this important?
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S/C: train of AP
near receptor: small receptor potential and a train of AP receptor: Receptor potential lump no idea why the fuck we need to know this.... |
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Pacinian corpuscles are fast adapting, and respond to vibration. What part of the stimulus does this respond to? What anatomical feature does the P.Corp. have that allows it to sense such properties?
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onset offset and the VELOCITY
the capsule like fake tits. |
