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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The space between the superficial & deep layers of the greater omentum is the _______.
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omental bursa
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The space in the peroitoneal cavity dorsal to the deep leaf & bordering the rumen on the left is the _______.
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supraomental recess.
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What structures project into the omental bursa?
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ventral sac of the rumen
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What structures are located in the supraomental recess?
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intestines, gravid uterus during late pregnancy
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The lesser omentum is similar in what species?
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Pig & dog
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Where does the lesser omentum extend from & go to in the ruminant?
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extends from the lesser curvature of the abomasum to the dorsal portion of the liver on the visceral side.
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What are the 3 major functions of the omentum?
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Attaches the stomach to the bodywall.
Produces WBCs under certain conditions Policeman of the peritoneal cavity |
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What are the 3 segments of the gastric groove?
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reticular groove, omasal groove, abomasal groove
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What is the most cranial segment of the fore-stomach?
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reticulum (honeycomb)
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How does milk run in young animals?
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From the cardia through the gastric groove into the abomasum.
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What are the remnants of the ventral mesogastrium?
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Lesser omentum, falciform ligament, median ligament of the urinary bladder
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Where does the reticular groove extend to?
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From the cardia on the lesser curvature (the right wall) of the reticulum to the reticulo-omasal orifice
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What is the reticular groove comprised of?
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A floor of the reticular groove & 2 lips (left & right).
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The gastric groove is not involved in ________, ________ or _________.
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swallowing, regurgitation or eructation
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Where in the reticulum does auscultation occur when examining for hardware disease?
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The ventral aspects of the left 6th or 7th intercostal spaces.
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What side of the ruminant is the omasum not seen?
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left
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The omasum is also known as _____.
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manyplies
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Where is the transverse omasal pillar located?
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At the omaso-abomasal orfice (through the neck)
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What do you call the two mucosal folds that guard the omaso-abomasal opening?
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abomasal vela
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_________ are covered with short papillae which are parallel, leaf-like structures that project into the interior form the wall of the omasum.
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omasum laminae
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The __________ is at the base of the omasum & joins the reticulo-omasal ostium to the omaso-abomasal ostium.
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omasal groove
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The mucosa of the abomasum contains __________.
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gastric grooves
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What forms the abomasal groove?
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lesser curvature of the abomasum which as no folds
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Mucosa in the abomasum contain large oblique _________ in the fundus & body.
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abomasal folds
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__________ are found in great numbers in the blinds sacs of the rumen.
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ruminal papillae
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_________ are found in the laminae of the omasum.
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Omasal papillae
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What are grazers?
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Animals such as bovine & ovine whose diet consist of grass
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WHat are browsers?
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Animals such as antelope & goats whose diet consists leaves.
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Why is the fore-stomach of browsers smaller than that of grazers?
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B/c the leaves that browsers eats are more nutritious & contain less fiber than grass maker their stomachs smaller.
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Browsers or Grazers have larger livers and more bulky intestines.
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browsers
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Where are the small intestines located compared to the rumen?
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displaced to the right by the rumen & mainly in the supraomental recess.
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Which species has the largest & most complex large intestines?
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horses
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Which species have no bands nor haustra in the large intestines?
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horse & pig
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What is the main differences in the large intestines of the horse & pig?
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cecum & ascending colon
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WHat is a cecum & what are its parts?
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A cylindrical, long, tubular, smooth blind sac, part of the large intestine.
base, body, apex |
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_______ has the largest diameter of the large intestine.
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cecum
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_______ is the larger part of the large intestine & displays three segments in ruminants.
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ascending colon
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What are the 3 segments of the ascending colon?
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s-shaped proximal loop
spiral loop distal loop |
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How large is the spiral loop in the ox compared to the sheep & goat?
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2.5 turns/gyri of both coils in the ox.
sheep- 3 Goat- 4 |
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What are the main species difference on the location of the jejunal lymph nodes?
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bovine- they lie bt. coils of jejunum & the last centrifugal coil
Sheep/goat- lie bt. the last centrifugal coil & first centripetal coil. |
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Fecal pellets in the sheep/goat may appear what shape?
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beaded
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______ lies obliquely in the abdominal part of the thoracic cage.
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liver
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Left lobe of the liver is found in what position?
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cranioventral
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Right lobe of the liver is found in what position?
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caudodorsal
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No external indication of lobation in the liver is common in what species?
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ruminants
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_________ is pear shaped in the Ox & elongated in the sheep.
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gall bladder
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Why is the liver found mainly to the right towards the median plain & rotated 90 degrees?
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b/c of the rumen
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__________ runs over the diaphragmatic surface of the liver, through the notch of the round ligament, to the diaphragm where it attaches.
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falciform ligament
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What attachment is not median in position b/c the liver is displaced 90 degrees to the right of the median plain, by the rumen.
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falciform ligament
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What two things join together to form the common bile duct?
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common hepatic duct joins the cystic duct
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What Latin equivalent for common bile duct?
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ductus choledochus
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Where does the common bile duct open through?
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major duodenal papilla
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How long is the common bile duct in the bovine?
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50-70 mm distal to the pylorus
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How long is the common bile duct in the sheep?
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30-40 mm distal to the pylorus, along with the major pancreatic duct.
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In what species do the accessory pancreatic duct open into the minor duodenal papilla?
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ox/pig
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In what species do the major pancreatic duct open into the major duodenal papilla?
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sheep/goat
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Compare the difference in shape of the spleen in the ox & sheep/goat.
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Ox: flattened; spatulate or tongue-shaped
Sheep/goat- flattened; rectangular or triangular in shape |
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THe spleen is red-brown in what species?
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bull/sheep
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The spleen is blue/grey in what species?
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cow
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What is the general location of the kidneys?
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Rt. kidney- T13 to L3
Lft. kidney- L3 to L5 |
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What is the shape & structure of the kidney in the small ruminant?
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bean-shaped
renal crest |
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In what species is the kidney lobated w/ 18-20 lobes, no renal crest or renal pelvis?
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OX
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______ kidney of the ox is flattened & oval & is related ventrally to the colon.
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right
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The _______ kidney of the ox is slightly twisted, pointed cranially & displaced to the right by the rumen.
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left
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Internally what do the lobes of the kidney in the ox form, what distinct characteristic does it have & how are they drained?
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pyramids
renal papillae minor renal calices |
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Calices are drained by cranial & caudal collecting ducts called _______ & join to form the ureter.
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major calyces
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What are the 3 unpaired arteries off the abdominal aorta that supply the abdominal cavity?
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Celiac
Cranial Mesenteric Caudal Mesenteric |
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What are the 3 main divisions of the celiac artery?
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Left gastric
Hepatic Splenic |
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What are the branches of the left gastric artery?
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left gastroepiploic
accessory reticular |
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What are the main branches of the hepatic artery?
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right gastric
gastroduodenal |
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What does the gastroduodenal artery divide into/
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cranial pancreaticduodenal
right gastroepiploic |
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What are the main branches of the splenic artery?
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left ruminal
right ruminal |
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Which artery that supplies blood to the abdomen may arise independently from the aorta & is located caudal to the celiac artery?
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cranial mesenteric
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What are the 4 main features of the cranial mesenteric artery in the bovine?
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It is very long
extensive anastomoses a collateral branch Ileocolic artery |
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What does the ileocolic artery branch off of & what organs does it supply blood to?
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cranial mesenteric
supplies the ileum, cecum & ascending colon. |
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What are the major branches of the caudal mesenteric artery?
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left colic artery that supplies the descending colon
The cranial rectal artery that supplies the rectum. |
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What are the autonomic nerves of the abdomen?
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sympathetic trunk
the vagus trunk |
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The _______ nerve supplies the fore-stomach via the dorsal & ventral vagal trunks.
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vagus
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The _______ innervates the rumen & visceral surface of the reticulum, omasum & abomasum.
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dorsal vagal trunk
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The _________ innervates the parietal surface of the reticulum, omasum & abomasum.
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ventral vagal trunk
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What are the 4 lymphocenters of the abdomen?
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lumbar, celiac, cranial mesenteric & caudal mesenteric
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What lymph nodes lie along the route of the aorta & caudal vena cava?
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lumbar
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What make up the jejunal, colic & cecal lnn?
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cranial mesenteric lymph nodes
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_________ lnn. in the bovine are a prominent chain found along side mesenteric surface of jejunal coils.
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jejunal lnn.
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In the sheep where do the jejunal lnn. lie between?
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the last centrifugal & first centripetal coils of the spiral colon.
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The ______ of the pelvis in the bovine is about 45 degrees.
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slope
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The iliac shafts of the pelvis in the cow are _______.
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parallel
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The tuber ischiadicum of the pelvis in the cow is _________.
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trifid
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The pelvic floor of the pelvis in the cow is ______.
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concave
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How are the linear measurements of the tuber coxae, acetabulum & tuber ischiadicum in the pelvis?
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They are nearly equal.
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What are the 5 conventional dimensions (pelvimetry) used in evaluating the birth canal?
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conjugate diameter
transverse diameter vertical diameter pelvic inclination pelvic axis |
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What are 3 muscles of the pelvic girdle?
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psoas minor
iliopsoas quadratus lumborum |
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______ is a primer mover that advances the hind limb.
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iliopsoas
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________ is the caudal wall closing off the pelvic outlet (caudal pelvic aperture)
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perineum
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What seperates the anal region from the urogenital region of the perineum?
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a line joining the tuber ischiadica
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What are the borders of the perineum?
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caudal vertebrae
caudal borders of the sacraltuberal ligaments Ischiadic tubers & ischiadic arch |
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What is the anal triangle closed off by?
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pelvic diaphragm
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What comprises the pelvic diaphragm?
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coccygeus & levator ani muscles, their int. & ext. deep fasciae & external anal sphincter
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What closes off the urogenital triangle?
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the perineal membrane & the urogenital muscles
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What forms the lateral wall of the urogenital triangle?
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contrictor vestibuli, constrictor vulvae & retractor clitoridis
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Name the 3 major urigenital muscles?
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contrictor vestibuli,
constrictor vulvae retractor clitoridis |
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What aqre the 2 most important perineal muscles?
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retractor muscles
Ischiocavernosus |
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What are the two parts of the retractor penis muscle?
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rectal & penile
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_________ m. is used to determine sex of dressed carcass.
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Ischiocavernosus
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What are the 3 major muscles of the hip & gluteal regions?
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tensor fasciae latae
superficial gluteal middle gluteal |
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When the superficial gluteal m. fuses with the biceps femoris m. in the bovine its called _______.
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gluteobiceps
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The deep part of the middle gluteal m., in ungulates, is a seperate muscle called ________.
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accessory gluteal
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The gluteal muscle is smaller in the bovine than in what other species?
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horse
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The ________ m. is small & fuses with the biceps femoris m. (gluteobiceps)
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superfical gluteal
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Which species has no internal obturator muscle?
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ruminants
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What is the shape of the rump of the bovine & why is it shaped that way?
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concaved b/c the hamstring muscles have no vertebral heads.
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What is the blind sac at the junction between the pelvic & penile parts of the urethra called?
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urethral recess
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In female ruminants there is a __________ which shares a common opening with the urethra into the vaginal vestibule.
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suburethral diverticulum
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What is the difference in position of the epididymus in the bovine/ovine?
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Bovine-medial aspect of testes
Ovine- caudalmedial aspect of the testis |
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__________ lies cranial to the mesorchium on the medial border of the testis
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ductus deferens
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________ (ductus deferens & vesicular duct) opens into the urethra through the colliculus seminalis
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ejaculatory duct
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What are the accessory sex glands of the bovine/ovine?
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vesicular gland
prostate gland bulbourethral gland |
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What are the 3 parts of the penis?
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root, body, & glans
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In __________ (species) corpus spongiosum & corpus cavernosum penis are as in the dog, w/o the os penis.
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ungulates
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In _________ (species), the penis is the fibroelastic type.
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ruminants
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In _________ (species) glans penis is slightly twisted anticlockwise to the left causing the urethral groove & penile raphe to lie to the right in this region.
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Bull
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Why do bulls take their time urinating?
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The terminal part of their urethra (urethral process) is tubular & attaches to glans, narrowing the external urethral opening.
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In the bull, the body of the penis forms an S-shaped _______ in the thigh region, caudal to the neck of the scrotum.
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sigmoid flexure
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How does the penis differ from the bull to the ovine species?
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They are similar except the urethral process projects beyond glans making it longer in sheep
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Rams penis differs from the goat inter alia by _________.
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tuberculum spongiosum
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______ is a shealth composed of two portions.
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The prepuce
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What are the 2 portions of the prepuce?
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external (hairy) & internal (hairless) lamina
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What causes phimosis in the bull?
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long prepuce, int. lamina may be overdeveloped & prolapse through preputal orfice causing it to narrow & prevent the penis to extend.
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Where is the ovary located in the ruminant?
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ventrolateral border of pelvic inlet
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_______ (species) have ovaries that are relatively small w/ follicles & corpora lutea that project ABOVE the surface.
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cow
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The _______ of the uterus of the cow increases in diameter as you go caudally.
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uterine horn
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________ are formed by median walls b/w non-fused cranial portions of uterine tubes into uterine body.
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uterine velum
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Dorsal & ventral __________ attach both uterine horns transversely & cranially to the uterine velum.
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intercornuate ligaments
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What are caruncles?
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Raised structures with convex surfaces on endometrium lining of uterine horns.
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Fetal membranes attach, by means of __________, to caruncles, forming __________.
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cotyledons, placentomes
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What is a another name for circular folds?
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(plicae circulares)
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The mucosa of the __________ has 3 to 4 prominent circular folds plus smaller longitudinal folds.
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cervix uteri
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The caudal circular fold forms __________ which projects into the vagina.
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porto vaginalis
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Porto vaginalis projects into the vagina, producing a dorsal (deeper & ventral _________.
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vaginal fornices
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What are some special characteristics of the uterus in the ewe?
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single intercornulate ligament
caruncles are concave & pigmented in the sheep. |
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How many circular folds in the Ewe?
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6 circular folds but the vaginal portio embeds in the vaginal floor making it difficult to pass instruments through the cervix.
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How many circular folds do the cow & ewe have, respectfully?
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cow- 3 to 4 that are prominent
ewe- 6 |
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What happens to the suspensory ligament of the ovary in the cow?
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completely involuted in the cow
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What lies between the ovary & the uterine tube?
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ovarian bursa
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The round ligament of the uterus is well developed in the dog but absent in _________.
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ruminants
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What are the 3 parts of the broad ligament?
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mesovarium
mesosalpinx mesometrium |
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The broad ligament is _______ in the cow?
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expansive
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The caudal part of the vaginal tube in the cow is _________.
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retroperitoneal
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The ________ glands (Bartholin's glands) are only found in the cow & the queen & could be absent in the ewe.
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major vestibular glands
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_________ glands appear in two rows on either side of the ventral midline & maybe absent in the ewe, more caudally situated in the cow.
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minor vestibular glands
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What is the visible part of the clitoris called?
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glans clitoridis
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The ______ pair of mammae only develop in anthropoids & elephants.
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thoracic
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The ______ pair of mammae only develop in ungulates
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inguinal
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_________ teats may be found on the caudo-ventral surface of the udder in the cow or on the cranial surface of the mammae in the ewe & doe.
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supernumerary
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The mamma has ______ & a _____.
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body, teat
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How many mammae does a cow have?
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4 (inguinal)
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How many mammae do small ruminants have?
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2 (inguinal)
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What 2 species have only inguinal mammae?
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horse & cow
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What species develop thoracoinguinal mammae?
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sow
bitch queen |
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What is the shape of the mammae in the cow, ewe (mare)
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hemispherical
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What is the shape of the mammae in the nanny goat?
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pendulous & sac-like
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WHat happens when the number of teats in the female is abnormally high?
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polythelia or supernumerary (accessary) teats.
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An increase in the usual number of teats is called ________.
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polymastia
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___________ groove is found between left & right halves of the udder.
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median intermammary groove
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Where might inguinal mammae extend to?
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from the umbilicus to the labia
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________ groove of the mammae is poorly defined between fore & hind quarter.
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transverse intermammary groove
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What are the 3 tissue layers of the teat?
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skin
middle layer inner tissue |
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The inner tissue layer of the teat is referred as ________.
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lactiferous sinus
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What leads to hard milking?
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exhuberant folds & the papillary opening has a papillary sphincter of smooth muscle & elastic tissue that may be too tight.
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Exuberent folds that develop from longitudinal folds that radiate into the lactiferious sinus are called _______.
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Rosette of Furstenberg
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What are the 2 parts of the lactiferous sinus?
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glandular sinus (gland cistern)
papillary sinus (teat cistern) |
