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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Glycolysis: |
1st step of aerobic respiration. splits glucose into 2 pyruvates. occurs in the cytosol. 2 atps used to add phosphate to glucose (some energy used) to split it. NAD+ reduced to NADH, storing energy derived from splitting glucose. --> produces 4 ATPS's TOTAL = 2 ATPS's by the end, energy stored in 3 forms - ATP, pyruvate, NADH |
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Krebs (citric acid cycle) |
8 step process that occurs after glycolysis each cycle produces 1 ATP, 1 FADH2 (an electron carrier), and 3 NADH also 2 CO2. each glucose (pyruvate) molecule goes twice |
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Electron Transport |
9 electrons carriers in series, where FADH2 and NADH lose electrons, which slowly lose energy at each carrier, which eventually goes towards generating ATP |
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Oxygen (electron transport chain) |
final acceptor of electrons (the strongest attractor) This acceptance of electrons makes O negative, which attracts H+ atoms through inner mitochondria membrane to become water |
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H+ (electron transport chain) |
electron transport chain results in high conc. of H+ ions in space between inner and outer membranes These ions flow back through the membrane to reach negatively charged oxygen, turning a wheel, which generates the energy to make ADP. PRODUCES ABOUT 32 ATP |
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anaerobic respiration |
form of respiration when oxygen limited or lacking still uses glycolysis and converts it to pyruvate, but have to have a different final electron acceptor. less efficient: produces 2 ATPs vs. 36 ATPs |
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lactic acid fermentation |
pyruvate converted to lactic acid with some energy released; acid accumulation leads to burning sensation in muscles. |
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alcoholic fermentation |
pyruvate converted to acetaldehyde, then reduced to NADH to ethanol |
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mitosis: |
formation of somatic (body) cells; chromosomes duplicate prior to cell division, daughter cells end up with same # of chromosomes as parent cell; daughter cells genetically identical to original |
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meiosis: |
produces half number of chromosomes and also very different. formation of gametes (eggs & sperm) |
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interphase: |
DNA in nucleus duplicated to double number of chromosomes (chromosomes diffuse)
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prophase: |
centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell; microtubules appear; nuclear material condenses into visible chromosomes; nuclear envelope disassembles |
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metaphase: |
chromatids line up in middle of cell, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes; form a plate |
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anaphase: |
chromatids split apart, become independent chromosomes; migrate to opposite ends of the cell |
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telophase: |
chromosomes revert to diffuse chromatin form; spindle fibers disappear; nuclear envelope reforms; plasma membrane infolds and fuses, completing cell division (CYTOKINESIS) |
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G1 stage of interphase: |
after cell division, getting ready for DNA replication, forming ribosomes and enzymes |
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S (synthesis) |
DNA replication |
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G2 stage of interphase |
synthesis of structural proteins high metabolic activity |
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telomeres: |
repeated DNA sequences at end of chromosomes that protect the ends from degradation. |
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leading strand (DNA replication) |
the part that is being added is the 5' end |
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lagging strand |
the part that is being added is the 3' end (okazaki fragments and wahtnot) |
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Telomerase |
an enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in some cells -- kind of an immortalizing enzyme |