Steroids & Sex Hormones Ppt

Front 1

Natural steroids

Back 1

Structural cell components, metabolic reactors, hormones, etc.

Front 2

Synthetic steroids

Back 2

drugs for birth control, abortion, bodybuilding, and allergies

Front 3

Regulation of secondary sexual characteristics, female sex hormone (e), male sex hormone (t)

Back 3

estradiol and testosterone

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reproduction and control of the reproductive cycle, pregnancy hormone

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progesterone

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regulation of metabolism

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cortisol

Front 6

digestion of fat

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cholic acid

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Cell membrane component

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Cholesterol

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Excess of cholesterol can form...

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Hardening in the arteries which causes the arteries to narrow and increase the risk of high blood pressure / heart disease

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Cholesterol is produced

Back 9

in the liver to produce estrogen, testosterone and other steroid hormones

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The liver uses saturated fatty acids to produce:

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lauric acid, myristic acid and palmitic acid

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HDL

Back 11

is good cholesterol, it can remove cholesterol from blood vessels and carry it to the liver

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LDL

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is bad cholesterol, it can deposit cholesterol in blood vessels (arteriosclerosis)

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Lipoproteins

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Fat-protein complexes, transport cholesterol in blood.

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Which foods have higher cholesterol counts?

Back 14

Produce has 0 cholesterol, egg yolk and shrimp have the highest cholesterol.

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Statins

Back 15

Drug to treat cholesterol build up, inhibit enzymes which produce cholesterol, tells the liver it needs to use the cholesterol in blood

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Androgen, testosterone

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Male sex hormones

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Anabolic steroids

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Synthetic steroidal hormones, used to stimulate muscle and bone growth, initially developed to help patients with debilitating illnesses to regain muscle (anabolic effect)

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Androgenic effect

Back 18

Masculinization of the female body, acne and hair loss, breast development and genital shrinking in men <-- taking anabolic steroids

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What regulates the menstrual cycle?

Back 19

Strogens / estradoil

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Progestines / progesterone

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Prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg and helps maintain pregnancy once it's begun.

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FSH & LH

Back 21

Two brain hormones that promote the production of sex hormones by the ovaries and the testes. As the amount of sex hormone increases, it turns off the production of the FSH and LH to keep the levels of sex hormone consistant.

Front 22

What does progesterone do?

Back 22

It blocks the release of hormones that stimulate ovulation which could lead to serious complications during pregnancy.

Front 23

First birth control pill

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Was supposed to stop ovulation with few side effects. It was a progesterone agonist.

Front 24

The Abortion PIll

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Mifepristone or RU-486, activity is essential for implantation of embryo in cells when the progesterone is blocked, the developing embryo is spontaneous aborted.

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hCG

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A hormone that the female body produces after the fertilized egg implants itself in the uterine wall. hCG causes progesterone to be produced so the body doesn't reject the developing embryo. Female rabbits were killed so doctors could examine their ovaries.

Front 26

DNA (remember 4 things)

Back 26

Found in the cell nucleus.
Very large molecules.
Double stranded.
Stores genetic info.

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RNA (remember 4 things)

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Found in the nucleus

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RNA has _____ instead of thymine

Back 28

uracil

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Replication

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Process by which copies of DNA are made in the cell nucleus. Enzyme involved is polymerase

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Nucleoside

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phosphate, ribose, base = RNA

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Nucleotide

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phosphate, deoxyribose, base = DNA

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Transcription

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When a gene in DNA is copied into a messenger RNA molecule

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Translation

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mRNA gets sandwiched between the tRNA and the ribosome. Inside the ribosome is where the amino acids will be joined together to make a protein.

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tRNA

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has an amino acid on one end and anti-codon on the other.

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Immune system

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A complex network of cells and organs that work together to defend your body from viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa

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Innate immune response

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Starts very quickly, does not depend on recognizing a specific type of foreign substance, natural killer cells

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Acquired immune response

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Starts more slowly but frequently longer lived, specific, can remember past infections

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antigen

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a foreign substance (usually a protein) that can be harmful and causes an immune response.

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antigen presenting cells

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digest intruders and display the antigen on their surface. Antigen presenting cells look for other immune cells that respond to that specific antigen.

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B cells

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Recognizes one and only one type of antigen, B cells become active and begin to reproduce when they are found by antigen-presenting cells

Front 41

What type of cell produces antibodies?

Back 41

B cells, antibodies mark foreign matter and infected cells for destruction.

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T cells

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Specific to only one type of antigen

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Cytokines

Back 43

Direct immune cells to attack a foreign substance

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CD4+ T Cells

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"Helper T Cells", coordinate the immune response, stimulate B cells to respond and increase the production of CD8+ T cells

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CD8+ T cells

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"Killer cells", kill the cells that have become infected by an antigen. Will either die after they're used or become memory cells.

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Types of microbes

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Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, 5 million deaths caused by respiratory disease.

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Bacteria infections

Back 47

HIV and Pneumonia

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Girolamo Fracastoro

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Diseases could be transmitted between people by tiny organisms

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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Invented a simple microscope, saw organisms

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Oliver Wendell Holmes

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Women died due to contamination on the hands of their physicians

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Philip Semmelweis

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Same observation, persuaded his colleagues to wash their hands before treating patients

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John Snow & William Budd

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Discovered that cholera was transmitted by water supplies contaminated by sewage.

Front 53

Paul Ehrlich

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Discovered that difference dyes stained different cells in the body, discovered chemotherapy and tested hundreds of compounds to treat syphillis

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Gerhard Domagk

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Prontosil Red, kills Streptococci

Front 55

Alexander Flemming

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accidentally discovered penicillin

Front 56

What do penicillins do?

Back 56

Prevent the formation of links between molecules in the cell wall

Front 57

What do sulphonamides do?

Back 57

Substiute for PABA and prevent enzymes from producing the essential folic acid

Front 58

Tetracyclines

Back 58

Block the delivery of amino acids for protein manufacture

Front 59

How do antibiotics work? 3 thing

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1. Macrolides prevent amino acids being linked together to form proteins 2. Amynoglycosides cause formation of abnormal proteins 3. Quinolones damage DNA and prevent bacteria from reproducing

Front 60

Ways bacteria resists antibiotics?

Back 60

Cells produce more of the molecules affected by the drugs, bacteria produce enzymes which destroy the drug, the structure of the wall changes so the drug can't enter, the bacteria produces molecules that push the drug out

Front 61

Sub-Unit Vaccines

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inject part of the virus into the person

Front 62

Live attenuated vaccines

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Inject the whole virus but modify it so it can't reproduce itself

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Recombinant Vaccine

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putting in a different virus that infects the organism but doesn't give it to HIV

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NNRTI (Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors)

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Occupy the active site of the enzyme reverse transcriptase

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Protease Inhibitors

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Occupy the active site of the enzyme protease

Front 66

Integrase Inhibitors

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Occupy the active site of the enzyme integrase

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Neuromodulators

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Enhance or inhibit neurotransmission

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Reactive depression

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Reaction to a particular situation, lasts only a few weeks

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True, Melancholic or Endogenous Depression

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Lasts months or years, patient becomes apathetic, unable to function socially isolated. Speech and body movements become slower, loss of appetite and sleeping problems.

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Tricyclics were found to help

Back 70

Schizophrenic patients

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What do tricyclics do?

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Block the uptake of neurotransmitters, amoxapine, imapiramine

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What do SSRI's do?

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Inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, prozac, zoloft, celexa

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What do MAOI's do?

Back 73

Inhbit the monoamine oxidase enzyme, nardil, parnate

Front 74

Cocaine, who first purified it, who first used it for eye surgery?

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Albert Nieman was the first to purify it, Karl Koller was the first to use it for eye surgery.

Front 75

What is the fastest way to feel the effects of a drug, for example, cocaine?

Back 75

Smoking it

Front 76

The difference between tolerance and down regulation?

Back 76

Tolerance is a higher dose is needed to achieve the same level of response achieved initially; down regulation is when cells respond to the over-stimulus of dopamine by reducing the number of dopamine receptors available to them.

Front 77

"Caught napping" cells lead to what?

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Withdrawal symptoms

Front 78

Cocaine + what = crack?

Back 78

HCl

Front 79

How does THC work?

Back 79

THC binds to THC receptors on the neighboring terminal and this sends a signal to the dopamine terminal to release more dopamine

Front 80

How many cells does the human body have?

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100 trillion cells that are continually renewed.

Front 81

Why does a tumor occur in the body?

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Cells don't die as fast as they should. In adults, the rate of formation should equal the rate of cell removal.

Front 82

What causes cells to die?

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After a certain time or certain number of cell divisions, a series of biochemical reactions causes the cell to die.

Front 83

Cancers develop when the process of cell dying is faulty

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They don't die when they should, new cells continue to be produced, affected organs and tissues enlarge into tumors

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Tumors cause...

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1. Discomfort and pain because they grow and press on blood vessels and nerves 2. Secrete large amounts of chemicals that interfere with other organs 3. Parts may break away and begin growing in different parts of the body

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Oncogenes

Back 85

Genes that, when expressed, make cells divide more rapidly, precise balance required with TSG's.

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Tumor Suppressor Genes

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Genes that suppress cell division, precise balance required with oncogenes

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What happens if TSG functions incorrectly?

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Oncogenes cause cells to grow and multiply beyond their normal numbers

Front 88

What happens if oncogenes function incorrectly?

Back 88

They will signal the cell to grow uncontrollably.

Front 89

Half of all cancers are due to a defect in TSG called ____

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p53, cells do not kill themselves but continue to grow and divide to form a cancer.

Front 90

A _______ can occur on a single allele of an oncogene for abnormal function to appear

Back 90

mutation

Front 91

Cancer is more likely to develop when the _______ is ______.

Back 91

immune system is weakened

Front 92

The Reductionist View

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Only cancer cells are in a tumor, treatments have been designed to only poison the cancer cells.

Front 93

Most cancer drugs are designed to ____ or ____ cell growth because...

Back 93

designed to stop or slow cell growth because the main problem in cancer is that new cells are produced more quickly than the old cells die.

Front 94

Many cancer drugs interfere with one or more of which processes?

Back 94

Replication, transcription or translation

Front 95

Alkylating Agents

Back 95

Produce covalent bonds among bases of complementary strands that cannot be separated during replication or transcription, effectively killing the cells

Front 96

Toxic Antibiotics

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Become inserted into the DNA molecules, changing their shape and preventing their use by cells.

Front 97

Folic acid antagonists

Back 97

Metotrexate impedes the formation of folic acid, which is indispensable for the production of new nucleotides, thus stopping replication and transcription

Front 98

Procarbazine

Back 98

Weakens the structure of nucleic acids, causing breakages and cell damage. Also leads to the production of free radicals which react with nucleic acids and proteins causing widespread damage to cancer cells

Front 99

Purine Antagonists

Back 99

Inhibit the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of new DNA. This is produced by irreversibly binding the enzymes necessary in the production of new nucleotides.

Front 100

Antimetabolites

Back 100

Substitute for the components of DNA, preventing its use by cells

Front 101

Radiation therapy destroys cells that

Back 101

divide rapidly (cancer)

Front 102

Radiation therapy is performed using equipment called

Back 102

linear acceleration

Front 103

Most aggressive tumors display a common characteristic:

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instability

Front 104

Since attacking the tumor cells does not seem to have yielded much success, research is increasingly being focused on trying to __________ that tumors need to survive.

Back 104

Alter the support system

Front 105

Angiogenesis

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new blood vessel formation

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Poison

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a substance that can cause illness or death

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Toxin

Back 107

harmful substance of biological poison

Front 108

Acute toxicity

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has an immediate effect

Front 109

Chronic toxicity

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has a chronic effect

Front 110

Corrosive poisons have

Back 110

strong acids and strong bases

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Acids release

Back 111

hydrogen ions

Front 112

Bases release

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hydroxide ions

Front 113

A heme group includes

Back 113

4 molecules of oxygen, it is a transport protein

Front 114

Blood agents

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Compounds that interfere with the normal function of the blood (ability of hemoglobin to bind to oxygen)

Front 115

Nitrites & carbon monoxide are

Back 115

blood agents

Front 116

Why are heavy metals toxic?

Back 116

Because they change the shape of the active site and make it toxic

Front 117

Lower lead blood levels lead to

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elevated blood pressure

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Higher lead blood levels lead to

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irreversible mental retardation

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Treatments for lead poisoning are called

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chelating agents (EDTA and British Anti-Lewisite)

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Teratogens

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During organogenesis, the embryo is extremely sensitive to teratogens.

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Scorpions

Back 121

Have toxins that block potassium (K+) channels

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Snakes

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Have toxins that prevent the blood from clotting

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Spiders

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Opens Ca2+ channels, increasing the secretion of acetylcholine, cramps and difficulty breathing.

Front 124

Parasite

Back 124

Single celled organism, much more advanced than bacteria, have a nucleus, pass through a series of stages in their life in which they adopt different forms and may need different hosts.