Sternberg's Cognitive Psyc 3Rd Ed. Chapter 5

Front 1

Define memory

Back 1

the means by which we retain and draw on our past experiences to use this information in the present

Front 2

Name 3 common operations of memory

Back 2

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Front 3

define memory encoding

Back 3

transform sensory data into a form of mental representation

Front 4

define memory storage

Back 4

keeping endoded information in memory

Front 5

define memory retrieval

Back 5

Pulling out or using information stored in memory

Front 6

explicit-memory task

Back 6

You must consciously recall particular information.
eg: Who wrote Moby Dick?

Front 7

Declarative-knowledge task

Back 7

You must recall facts.
eg: What is your first name?

Front 8

Name 3 types of recall task

Back 8

Serial- recall, free-recall, cued-recall

Front 9

Define serial-recall

Back 9

You must repeat the items in a list in the exact order in which you heard or read them.

Front 10

Define free-recall

Back 10

You must repeat the items in a list in any order in which you can recall them

Front 11

Define cued-recall

Back 11

You must memorize a list of paired items; then when you are given one item in the pair, you must recall the mate for that item.

Front 12

recognition task

Back 12

you must select or otherwise identify an item as being one that you learned previously. eg: multiple choice

Front 13

Implicit-memory tasks

Back 13

You must draw on infromation in memory without consciously realizing that you are doing so.

Front 14

Tasks involving procedural knowledge

Back 14

You must remember learned skills and automatic behaviors, rather than facts.

Front 15

Define priming

Back 15

The process by which particular initial stimuli activate mental pathways, thereby enhancing the ability to process subsequent stimuli related to the priming stimuli in some way; the activation of a node by a prime (activating node) to which the node is connected in a network.

Front 16

What is the function of primary memory

Back 16

to hold temporary information currently in use

Front 17

What is the function of secondary memory

Back 17

to hold information permanently or at least for a very long time.

Front 18

What are the 3 memory stores

Back 18

Sensory store, short-term store, long-term store

Front 19

What is the function of sensory store

Back 19

capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for very brief periods

Front 20

What is the function of short-term store

Back 20

capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods, but also relatively limited capacity

Front 21

What is the function of long-term store

Back 21

very large capacity, capable of storing information for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely.

Front 22

Are the terms 'stores' and 'memory' interchangable?

Back 22

Yes. eg: short-term store, short-term memory

Front 23

define hypothetical constructs

Back 23

concepts that are not themselves directly measurable or observable, but that serve as mental models for understanding how a psychological phenomenon, such as memory, works.

Front 24

define iconic store

Back 24

a discrete visual sensory register, so called because information is believed by some to be stored in the form of icons (visual images that represent something; icons usually resemble whatever is being represented)

Front 25

What is the difference between 'whole report procedure' and 'partial report procedure'?

Back 25

WRP-participant reports EVERY symbol they have seen.
PRP- participant only needs to report PART of what they saw. (pg.154 diagram)

Front 26

Is a person able to distinguish from what they see in iconic memory and what they actually see in the environment?

Back 26

No, what they see in iconic memory is what is tanke to be in the environment

Front 27

Can iconic memory be erased? If so, why?

Back 27

Yes. The erasable nature of iconic memory definitely makes our visual sensations more sensible.

Front 28

define backwards visual masking

Back 28

placement of one stimulus where another one had appeared previously. This erases previous visual icons.

Front 29

Summerize the process of sensory storage

Back 29

Visual information appears to enter our memory sustem through an iconic store that holds the visual information for very short periods. In the normal course of events, this information either may be transferred to another store or erased if other information is superimposed on it before there is sufficient time for the transfer of the information to another memory store.

Front 30

What is held in short-term store

Back 30

short term store holds not only a few items, but also some control processes that regulate the flow of information to and from the long term store.

Front 31

How long does information stay in short term storage

Back 31

typically, about 30 seconds unless it is rehearsed to retain it.

Front 32

Is information stored acoustically (by the way it sounds) or visually (by the way it looks)?

Back 32

Acoustically

Front 33

What is the short term memory capacity for a wide range of itemes

Back 33

7 items plus or minus 2

Front 34

Define chunking

Back 34

taking small units and grouping them into larger ones, making them easier to recall

Front 35

How does the number of syllables we pronounce affect the number of items we can recall

Back 35

when each item has a larger number of syllables, we can recall fewer items.

Front 36

How does delay or interference affect item capacity

Back 36

It can drop a 7 item capacity to about 3 items.

Front 37

Nancy Waugh and Donald Norman proposed a mathematical technique for estimating the capacity of the short term store applied to free recall, what does this suggest?

Back 37

Computations based on their technique suggest that the capacity of the short term store under these conditions is roughly two to tree items.

Front 38

How long can information be held in long term store

Back 38

there is no proof that there is an absloute outer limit to how long information can be stored

Front 39

Who coined the term 'permastore' and what does it mean

Back 39

Bahrick (1984) coined 'permastore' for the very long term storage of at least some information, such as knowledge of a foreing language and of mathematics.

Front 40

What is levels of processing

Back 40

memory does not comprise three or even any specific number of separate stores. Rather, storage varies along a contiuous dimension in terms of depth of encoding.

Front 41

The deeper the level of processing that an item is stored at relates to what?

Back 41

The higher the probability that an item may be retrieved

Front 42

Name 3 different levels of processing in progressive order of depth.

Back 42

Physical, Acoustic, and Semantic.

Front 43

Define self-reference effect.

Back 43

participants show very high levels of recall when asked to relate words meaningully to themselves by determining whether the words describe themselves.

Front 44

True or False: The highest level of recall occurs with words that people consider self-descriptive??

Back 44

True.

Front 45

Define Physical level of processing

Back 45

Visually apparent features of the letters.

Word:TABLE
Question: is the word written in capital letters?

Front 46

Acoustic level of processing

Back 46

Sound combinations associated with the letters.
eg:
Word: CAT
Question: Does the word rhyme with MAT

Front 47

Semantic level of processing

Back 47

Meaning of the word
eg:
word: DAFFODIL
question: Is the word a type of plant?

Front 48

When do we demonstrate a much higher level of recall; When we generate our own cues, or when they are generated for us?

Back 48

when we generate our own cues.

Front 49

true or false: The sequence of the levels of encoding may not be as important as the match between the type of elaboration of the encoding adn the type of task required for retrieval

Back 49

True

Front 50

define 'within item elaboration

Back 50

elaborates encoding of the particular item in terms of its characteristics-including the various levels of processing

Front 51

define between-item elaborations

Back 51

elaborates encoding by relating each item's features to the feature of items already in memory

Front 52

define episodic buffer

Back 52

a limited-capacity system that is capable of binding informations from the subsidaiary systems and from long term memory into a unitary episodic representation; that is, this component integrates information from different parts of working memory so that they make sense to us.

Front 53

true or false: We use the same memory systems for organizing and storing information with a distinctive time referent as we do for information that has no particular time referent.

Back 53

False.

Front 54

Semantic memory

Back 54

general wold knowledge-our memory for facts that are not unique to us and that are not recalled in any particular temproal context.

Front 55

episodic memory

Back 55

personally experienced events or episodes

Front 56

True or False: Lisions in the frontal lobe appear to affect recollection regarding WHEN a stimulaus was presented, without affecting recall or recognition memory THAT a particular stimulus was presented.

Back 56

True.

Front 57

Name the 5 memory systems proposed by Schacter (2000)

Back 57

episodic, semantic, perceptual (recognizing things on the basis of their form and structure), procedural, and working.

Front 58

Define spreading activations

Back 58

the activation of one node may prompt activation of a connected node.

Front 59

True or false: A node that activates a connected node is termed a PRIME, and the resulting activation is termed the priming effect.

Back 59

True

Front 60

What is the term for a person with outstanding memory abilities?

Back 60

mnemonist

Front 61

define synesthesia

Back 61

the person experiences some sensations in a sensory modality different from the sense that was phusically stimulated.
eg: wonvert a sound into a visual impression or even taste and weight.

Front 62

Define verbal translations

Back 62

Memorizing numbers by transforming them into dates and then thinking about what had been done on that day

Front 63

define amnesia

Back 63

severe loss of explicit memory

Front 64

define retrograde amnesia

Back 64

individuals lose their purposeful memory for events prior to whatever trauma induces memory loss

Front 65

define infantile amnesia

Back 65

the inability to recall events that happened when we were very young

Front 66

define anterograde amnesia

Back 66

great difficulty remembering events that occurred from the time of trauma onwards. Although recollection of events prior to the truama are in tact.

Front 67

True or false: the effects of amnesia typically impair implicit memory and not explicit memory

Back 67

False.

Front 68

Pople with lesions in the ____ parietal lobe of the brain show profound inability to retain information in short-term memory, but no impairment of long term memory

Back 68

left

Front 69

Persons with leasions in the _______ temporal regions of the brain show relatively normal short term memory of verbal materials, but serious inablity to retain new verbal materials in long term memory

Back 69

medial (middle)

Front 70

What is the main role of the hippocampus in the encoding of decalarative information

Back 70

the integration and consolidation of separate sensory information and, most importanly, the transfer of newly synthesized information into long term structures supporting declarative knowledge, perhaps as a means of cross-referencing information stored in different parts of the brain.

Front 71

What is the primary structure controlling procedural knowledge.

Back 71

basal ganglia

Front 72

what is the structure responsible in memory for classically conditioned responses and contributes to many cognitive tasks in general

Back 72

cerebellum

Front 73

True or False: BOTH serotonin and acetylcholine seem to enhance neural transmission associated with memory.

Back 73

True

Front 74

Low concentrations of acetylcholine ahve been found in the hippocampus of what group of people.

Back 74

people with alzheimer's disease.

Front 75

define korsakoff's syndrome and the cause of it.

Back 75

a devastating form of anterograde amnesia, often accompanied by at least some retrograde amnesia and is caused by prolonged alcohol abuse.