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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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NEW SET
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NEW SET
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Malformed teeth such as Hutchinson’s incisors and mulberry molars are typical late manifestations of …
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Congenital syphilis
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Maternal … infx produces a low grade fever, maculopapular rash w/ cephalocaudal progression, and posterior auricular and suboccipital lymphadenopathy. Most adult women patients develop polyarthritis and polyarthralgia as sequelae. Congenital … syndrome is associated with sensorineural deafness, cataracts, and cardiac malformations (PDA)
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Rubella
Rubella |
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… is the mucosal antibody. It is typically released into secretions as a dimer joined by a J-chain. It does not fix complement and has only weak opsonizing ability.
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IgA
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… is present in very low concentrations in the blood and is typically co-expressed with IgM as a B-cell membrane receptor.
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IgD
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… plays a significant role in allergic responses and in the immune response to parasitic infections
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IgE
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Anti-Rh immunoglobulin (RhoGAM) consists of … anti-Rh(D) antibodies. … antibody isotypes are thought to be most effective in both blocking and clearing “foreign” fetal Rh(D) antigens after fetomaternal transfusion.
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IgG
IgG |
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Medications commonly associated with cutaneous … include sulfonamides, amiodarone, and tetracyclines.
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Photosensitivity
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The liver content of vitamin … is low at birth, but is rapidly increased by the large amts of colostrum and breast milk.
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A
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The breast milk content of vitamins … and … is typically insufficient to meet the nutritional needs of the newborn. Vitamin … is given parentally to infants at birth to prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Exclusively breastfed infants may develop vitamin … deficiency if they are not exposed to adequate sunlight.
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D and K
K D |
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The … nerve originates at L1 and L2 and courses on the anterior surface of the psoas muscle. It splits into the genital and femoral branches, innervating the scrotum/labia majora and cutaneously innervating the femoral triangle, respectively.
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Genitofemoral nerve
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The … nerve is derived from T12/L1 and courses in that dermatome to innervate the skin overlying the iliac crests.
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Iliohypogastric
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The … is derived from L2 and L3. It courses deep to the inguinal ligament to innervate the skin on the anterolateral thigh.
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Lateral femoral cutaneous
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The … nerve is derived from L3 and L4 and serves to provide motor innervation to the medial though (adductors).
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Obturator
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The … nerve is derived from L5-S2 roots and provides motor innervation to the gluteus maximus.
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Inferior gluteal
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The … phase of the menstrual cycle occurs from day 15 through day 28 of the normal menstrual cycle (between ovulation and the onset of menses). … released by the CL causes the uterine glands to coil and secrete glycogen-rich mucus. The endometrial stroma becomes edematous and completely traversed by tortuous spiral arteries that extend from the deeper layers to the uterine lumen.
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Secretory
Progesterone |
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LH stimulates the … cells of the ovarian follicle to produce androgens. Aromatase within the follicle’s granulosa cells subsequently converts these androgens to estradiol under FSH stimulation. The … cells serve as a connective tissue support structure for the follicle.
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theca interna
theca external |
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Uniparental disomy occurs when an individual inherits two copies of a chromosome from one parent and no copies of the chromosome from the other parent. … syndrome occurs in those who have two maternal copies of chromosome 15 (maternal uniparental disomy) and … syndrome occurs in those who have two paternal copies of chromosome 15 (paternal uniparental disomy).
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Prader-Willi
Angelman |
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… plasma FSH reflects gonadal failure in patients with Klinefelter syndrome. The estrogen:testosterone ratio determines the extent of feminization. Estradiol is … in pts w/ Klinefelter syndrome.
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Increased
Elevated |
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A complete hydatidiform mole results from fertilization of an ovum that is devoid of genetic material and subsequent reduplication of the … genetic complement giving a characteristic 46 XX genotype.
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Paternal
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Relative risk (RR) is used in cohort studies to determine how strongly a risk factor (i.e. exposure) is associated with an outcome. If the RR is 1.0, there … association between the exposure and the disease. A RR > 1.0 indicates that exposure is associated with … disease occurrence. A RR < 1.0 means that the exposure is associated with … dz occurrence.
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is no
increased decreased |
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To be statistically significant, the confidence interval … contain the null value of 1.0. When the confidence interval lacks the null value, this equates to finding that the p value is less than … and that the association between exposure and outcome … statistically significant.
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must NOT
0.05 is |
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Ovary:
-Epithelium: … -characteristic epithelial features: aka germinal epithelium. Transitions to peritoneum at the broad ligament of the uterus. -associated epithelial tumors: serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, brenner (urothelial) |
simple cuboidal
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Fallopian tube:
-epithelium: … -characteristic epithelial features: ciliated cells help transport the egg/embryo, peg cells secrete nutrients -associated epithelial tumors are rare |
Simple columnar
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Uterus:
-epithelium: … -characteristic epithelial features: contains tubular glands. Divided into functional and basal layers. Undergoes cyclic changes -associated epithelial tumors: … |
simple (pseudostratified) columnar)
endometrial CA |
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Cervix:
-epithelium: … (endocervix) and … (ectocervix) -characteristic epithelial features: contains cervical glands. Secretion undergoes cyclic changes allowing for less viscous mucus at time of ovulation. -associated epithelial tumors: condyloma acuminatum, squamous cell CA, adenocarcinoma. |
simple columnar
stratified squamous |
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Vagina:
-Epithelium: … -Characteristic epithelial features: contains glycogen -assoc. epithelial tumors: … |
stratified squamous non-keratinized
squamous cell CA |
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hCG is secreted by the embryonic syncytiotrophoblast during the first trimester, rising to its highest levels at gestational week …. hCG serves to maintain the … until the placenta can assume responsibility for estrogen and progesterone synthesis. By …, the CL degenerates and serum hCG levels fall to very low levels.
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Nine
corpus luteum mid-pregnancy |
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LH levels are … during pregnancy because of progesterone-induced … of the anterior pituitary gland.
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Low
feedback inhibition |
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High circulating levels of E and P prevent … while also promoting breast growth and development during pregnancy.
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Lactogenesis
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Beta-hCG produced by the human conceptus becomes detectable in maternal serum only after the blastocyst successfully implants. Implantation generally occurs on day … after ovulation. Generally, beta-hCG is detectable in the maternal serum about … days after ovulation but can take up to … days.
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6
8 11 |
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The TDF is responsible for gonadal differentiation into testes containing Sertoli and Leydig cells. The Sertoli cells produce … that prevents development of … genitalia and the Leydig cells secrete … necessary for the development of … genitalia.
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MIF
female internal Testosterone Male internal |
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The … are located on the anterior thigh inferior to the inguinal ligament. These nodes drain all cutaneous structures inferior to the umbilicus, including external genitalia and the anus up to the pectinate line.
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superficial inguinal lymph nodes
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The … reside under the fascia lata on the medial side of the femoral vein. They receive afferents from the superficial inguinal nodes and deep lymphatic trunks along the femoral vessels. The lymphatics from the glans penis and clitoris also drain to these nodes.
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deep inguinal nodes
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The … drain the superficial and deep inguinal nodes and the deep lymphatics of the abdominal wall below the umbilicus.
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external iliac nodes
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The … are located alongside the common iliac artery and drain the internal and external iliac nodes.
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common iliac nodes
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The … drain structures supplied with arterial blood by branches of the inferior mesenteric artery (e.g. the left colic, sigmoid and superior rectal arteries). Thus, these nodes drain the descending and sigmoid colon as well as the upper part of the rectum, and their efferents drain to pre-aortic nodes.
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inferior mesenteric nodes
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Lymph from the testes drains through lymph channels directly back to the … lymph nodes. On the other hand, lymph from the scrotum drains to the … lymph nodes.
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retroperitoneal (paraaortic)
inguinal |
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… is not known to cause oocyte toxicity or problems in pregnancy. In fact, it is the first-line drug in treating HTN in pregnancy.
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Methyldopa
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Oral contraceptive use … associated with ovarian failure. Ovarian failure can occur approximately 2 years earlier in women who are smokers, and treatments such as radiation and chemotherapy are known to be toxic to the ovaries.
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is not
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The decrease in fecundity after the age of … is primarily due to aging of the oocytes and decreased ovarian reserve of oocytes.
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35
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PID is most frequently caused by N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. If Neisserial or Chlamydial urethritis, cervicitis or PID is not treated, they can lead to … of the fallopian tubes and infertility or ectopic pregnancy. Tx of gonococcal genital tract infections must always include treatment for … as well; the usual tx is a … as well as … or ….
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Scarring
Chlamydia third-generation cephalosporin azithromycin or doxycycline |
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Loss to follow-up is a problem in prospective studies because it creates the potential for … bias
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Selection
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… bias and … bias result in misclassification of the outcome due to flaws in the study design.
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Observer’s
Ascertainment |
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… bias leads to misclassification of the exposure status, and is a potential problem for case-control studies.
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Recall
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Cervical epithelial infection with what virus is the strongest known risk factor for development of CIN and invasive cervical carcinoma? Early age at first intercourse and multiple sexual partners increases the incidence of this infection.
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Human papilloma virus (especially HPV16 and 18)
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Relative risk and relative rate are calculated in … studies, in which people are followed over time for developing the disease.
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Cohort
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… is calculated in cohort studies or clinical trials, and is usually used to compare the median survival time in 2 or more groups of patients.
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Median survival
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… ratio is calculated in cross-sectional studies to compare the prevalence of a disease in different populations
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Prevalence odds
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A case-control study is used to compare the exposure of people with the disease (cases) to the exposure of people without the disease (control). The main measure of association is the … ratio.
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Exposure odds
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… is a component of the kinin system. It causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, stimulates smooth muscle contraction, and mediates pain.
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Bradykinin
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… is a metabolite of arachadonic acid. Its main function is to stimulate neutrophil migration to the site of inflammation.
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Leukotriene B4
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… is a growth factor for erythrocyte precursors that reside in bone marrow. It is produced by peritubular cells of the kidneys in response to hypoxia.
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Erythropoietin
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… typically causes vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, and platelet stimulation. In very small amounts, it causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. It also enhances leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and degranulation.
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Platelet-activating factor (PAF)
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… is one of the products of the cyclooxygenase pathway. Synthesized by platelets, it causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation.
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Thromboxane A2
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What 3 cytokines mediate systemic inflammatory response and stimulate hepatic secretion of acute-phase proteins (eg. Fibrinogen)? High levels of circulating fibrinogen increase the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), which is a nonspecific marker of inflammation.
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IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha
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What is this?
Occurs in starvation and diabetic ketoacidosis. Any condition with decreased carbohydrate metabolism and increased fat degradation will produce this finding. |
Ketonuria
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Fasting hyperglycemia in pregnancy is a sign of …, which is associated with increased rates of stillbirth and macrosomia.
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Gestational diabetes
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Pre-eclampsia is the triad of …, …, and …
Eclampsia is pre-eclampsia with … Pre-eclampsia may also progress to … syndrome |
Hypertension, proteinuria and edema.
Seizures HELLP (hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) |
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… is a serum marker produced by about 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers.
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CEA
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… is a carbohydrate antigen elevated in about 74% of patients with pancreatic cancer.
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CA 19-9
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Serum … levels may be elevated in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors (e.g. yolk sac tumors)
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Alpha-fetoprotein
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… is produced by hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas, and gestational trophoblastic tumors.
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Beta-hCG
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… levels may be elevated in patients with excess production of adrenal androgens, as in adrenal neoplasia
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DHEA
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What is the most likely explanation for an adenexal mass in an elderly female?
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Ovarian malignancy
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Approximately 90% of ovarian malignancies originate from the ovary’s surface epithelium. … is produced by malignant ovarian epithelial tumors and can be used as a serum marker of this condition.
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CA-125
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… FSH secretion occurs most commonly in post-menopausal women whose ovaries no longer provide normal negative feedback to the pituitary gland.
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Increased
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… is common during the first 5 to 7 years after menarche and the last 10 years before menopause, and manifests with marked menstrual cycle variability.
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Anovulation
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... is characterized by solid sheets of pleomorphic, high-grade cells with central necrosis
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Comedocarcinoma (DCIS – ductal carcinoma in situ)
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... is characterized by solid sheets of vesicular, pleomorphic, mitotically active cells with a significant lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate around and within the tumor and a pushing, noninfiltrating border.
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Medullary carcinoma
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… is characterized by central acinar compression and distortion (by surrounding fibrotic tissue) and peripheral ductal dilation. It is a common finding in fibrocystic change.
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Sclerosing adenosis
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… is characterized by ductal dilation, inspissated breast secretions, and chronic granulomatous inflammation in the periductal and interstitial areas.
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Mammary duct ectasia
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… appear similar to fibroadenomas but have increased cytological atypia and stromal cellularity and overgrowth. The resultant architecture is described as “leaflike”.
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Phyllodes tumors
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… is found in elevated amts on the surface of malignant ovarian epithelial cells in serous, endometrioid, and clear cell carcinomas of the ovary. This glycoprotein is best used in monitoring therapeutic response. It is not an appropriate screening tool for ovarian cancer because it is highly nonspecific.
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Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125)
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… are sex-cord stromal tumors that secrete estrogen.
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Granulosa cell tumors
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Histopathologically, granulosa cell tumors are characterized by …, small follicle-like structures filled with eosinophilic secretions.
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Call-Exner bodies
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… is a malignant neoplasm originating from the ovarian surface (celomic, germinal) epithelium. These tumors produce mucin, not estrogen. It may progress to …, a condition where the peritoneal cavity fills with mucin due to widespread intraperitoneal metastases.
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Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
Pseudomyxoma peritonei |
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A … is a malignant ovarian tumor of germ cell origin. They do not secrete estrogen and are most common in younger women ages 10-30. It is the ovarian equivalent of the testicular …
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Dysgerminoma
Seminoma |
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What are the most common germ cell tumors?
Skin and dermal appendages as well as cartilage, bone and teeth are often present in these tumors. They don’t secrete estrogen, but may produce excessive amts of thyroid hormone if composed primarily of thyroid tissue, a condition known as … |
Benign cystic teratomas (dermoid cysts)
Struma ovarii |
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… are estrogen-secreting primary ovarian tumors. The hyperestrogenemic state that results can cause endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal uterine bleeding. It also predisposes to endometrial adenocarcinoma.
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Granulosa cell tumors
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… (karyotype 45,XO) is a common cause of primary amenorrhea. Affected individual shave short stature, webbed neck, shielded chest and “streaked” (fibrotic) ovaries.
Do they develop secondary sexual characteristics? |
Turner syndrome
No |
