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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Grading vs Staging
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Grading - I-IV - based on worse differentiation
Staging - TMN or others. Based off tumor size, nodes and mets. Prognosis and infiltration |
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Laminin receptors
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More expressed on tumors, allow easier basement menbrane attachment
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Monoclonality vs heterogeneity
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Monoclonality - tumor marker
Heterogeneity - allows greater chance of metastasis |
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Oncogenic property: HPV-16
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E6 binds p53
E7 binds pRB |
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ERBB2 Receptor
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Her2, upregulated
Marker for some breast carcinomas |
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Gene mutation: BCL1
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Cyclin gene
Mantle zone lymphoma |
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Gene mutation: BCL2
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Inhibitor of apoptosis
Lymphoid Neoplasms |
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Gene mutation: C-MYC
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Transcription factor gene, overexpressed in many tumors
Binds DNA to cause up-regulation for things like Cyclin D to cause high S phase activity |
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Gene mutation: IL-2
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Growth factor
T-cell neoplasms |
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Gene mutation: Lyn
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Tyrosine kinase
Causes immunodeficiency state |
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Gene mutation: p16
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Familial malignant melanoma
Normally inhibits cyclin dependent kinases |
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Gene mutation: p53
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Tumor suppressor gene
Predisposition to many various kinds of cancers |
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Gene mutation: PDGF
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CNS gliomas
Osteosarcomas |
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Gene mutation: RB
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TSG
Loss of G1 to S phase inhibition |
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Gene mutation: K-RAS
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MOST common oncogene
GTP-binding protein gene. Mutations reduce GTPase activity, RAS active longer. Signals through cytoplasmic kinases |
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Gene mutation: APC
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Tumor suppressor gene, activation of WNT signaling pathway
Sporadic colon cancers Familial polyposis coli |
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Gene mutation: HST1
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Fibroblast growth factor gene
Gastric cancer |
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Gene mutation: EGF
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Epidermal growth factor gene
Seen in lung, bladder, GI, ovarian and brain cancers |
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Gene mutation: sis
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platelet-derived growth factor receptor B
Certain astrocytomas |
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Gene mutation: VHL
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Tumor suppressor gene
Normally binds hypoxia induced factor 2 alpha to clear Loss leads to activation of angiogenesis Pheochromocytomas Renal Cell carcinomas Hemangioblastomas |
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Gene mutation: TGF-B
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Tumor suppressor gene, normally inhibits proliferation by activation of growth inhibitors like CKDIs (ex. SMAD4)
All pancreatic cancers MOST colon cancers |
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Increasing benign subcutaneous skin nodules, firm, 0.5cm to 1cm. Also oval pigmented skin lesions. Hamartomas nodules on iris. Neoplasm attached to peripheral nerve. What is transformation mechanism?
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Neurofibromatosis 1
NF1 gene controls GTPase activating protein which inactivates RAS. Tumor suppressor gene Loss keeps RAS in active state |
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Drug causing transitional carcinomas
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Cyclophosphamide
Direct alkylating agent damaging DNA, use MENSA with treatment to evaluate risk |
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Carcinogensis from activating protein kinase C
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phorbol esters
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Neoplasm caused: HTLV1
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T cell leukemia/lymphoma
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Neoplasm caused: HPV
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Squamous epithelial dysplasia and carcinomas
Cervix, vagina, vulva, anogenital, pharyngeal |
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Neoplasm caused: EBV
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Burkitt Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
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Neoplasm caused: HBV
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (indirectly via cirrhosis and regeneration of tissue)
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Neoplasm caused: HIV
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Lymphomas (esp. CNS)
Kaposi Sarcoma Indirect through loss of immune regulation |
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CML mutation and product
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t(9;22) - BCR-ABL gene produced
Tyrosine kinase Treat with tyrosine kinase inhibitors |
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Sun dependent, maculopapular nodules, erythematous, brown-colored with ulceration. Squamous cell carcinoma. What caused?
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xeroderma pigmentosum
Failure of nucleotide excision repair |
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Aspergillus flavus carcinogenic properties
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Produces aflatoxin B1
Hepatic carcinogen From moldy peanuts |
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Stool guaiac positive over 50
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ALWAYS rule out colon cancer
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Top 3 prevalence for men and women
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Men
a) Prevalence - Prostate > Lung > Colon Women a) Prevalence - Breast > Lung > Colon |
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Mechanism of sporadic colonic adenomas to invasive carcinoma
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NOT familial
Usually due to stepwise accumulation of oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressor genes |
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t(11;14)
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Mantle Zone Lymphoma
BCL1 gene (cyclin gene) put near immunoglobulin enhancer on 14 |
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Decreasing cancer in industrialized nations NOT due to screening
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Gastric adenocarcinoma (due to H. pylori)
Due to screenings: cervical squamous carcinoma, colon cancer, breast cancer |
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Carcinogen: Arsenic
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Skin and Lung cancers
Actinic keratosis |
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Carcinogen: Asbestos
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Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma
Bronchogenic Carcinomas |
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Carcinogen: Benzene
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Leukemias
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Carcinogen: Beryllium
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Interstitial Lung Disease
Lung Cancer |
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Carcinogen: Nickel
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Respiratory Tract Cancers
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Carcinogen: Vinyl chloride
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Angiosarcoma of liver
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Carcinogen: Naphtalene
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Urinary Tract Cancers
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Carcinogen: Aniline dyes
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Transitional cell cancer
Urinary tract |
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Cathepsin D role in cancer
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assists in invasiveness, cleaves fibronectin and laminin
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Matrix metalloproteinase-9
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assists in invasiveness
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Fibroblast growth factor role in cancer
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assists in angiogenesis
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VEGF role in cancer
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assists in angiogenesis
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Cancers commonly get after radiation
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Thyroid
Bone Leukemias, Lymphomas |
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Hormone product: Corticotropin
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Small cell carcinomas
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Hormone product: PTHrP
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Pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas
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Hormone product: EPO with polycythemia
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Renal cell carcinoma
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Method of surveillance CD8+ T cell vs NK cell
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CD8+ T cell - binds MHC I receptor expressing tumor molecules to lyse
NK cell - Sees lack of enough MHC I receptors and lyses |
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What allows tumor cell in vitro immortality
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Activation of telomerase
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Hereditary nonpolyposis colon carcinoma (HNPCC) mutation
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hPMS2, hPMS2, hMLH1 genes
Loss of one mismatch repair gene, get microsatellite instability (how loss of gene is detected) |
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Familial adenomatous polyposis mutation
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APC
B-catenin not destroyed, goes to nucleus and activates WNT pathway Hundreds of polyps on colonoscopy |
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Double minutes and homogeneously staining regions significance, gene alteration
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Represent gene amplifications
N-MYC gene |
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Tumor marker: PSA
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Prostate carcinoma, NOT diagnostic. Elevated in BPH and prostatitis
Prostatic acid phosphatase better |
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Tumor marker: CEA
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Carcinoembryonic antigen
Colorectal and pancreatic Also gastric, breast, thyroid medullary sometimes |
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Tumor marker: aFP
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
Yolk sac tumor, mixed testicular tumor |
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Tumor marker: bHCG
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Hyaditiform moles
choricocarcinomas Gestational trophoblast tumors |
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Tumor marker: CA-125
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Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors
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Tumor marker: Alkaline phosphatase
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Mets to bone
Obstructive biliary disesae Paget's disease of bone |
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Tumor marker: Bombesin
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Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
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Tumor marker: TRAP
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Hiary cell leukemia
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase |
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Tumor marker: CA-19-9
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Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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Tumor marker: Calcitonin
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Thyroid medullary cancer
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Psammoma body producers
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PSaMMoma
Papillary thyroid Serous (ovary) Meningioma Mesothelioma |
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Most common and lethal cancers men vs women
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Men - Prostate > Lung > colon
Women - Breast > lung > colon Lethality Men - Lung > prostate Female - Lung > breast Cancer 2nd leading COD in US behind heart disease |
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Bone tumor type lung, prostate, breast mets
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Lung - lytic
Prostate - blastic Breast - both |
