Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The ovaries and testes have their lymphatic drainage to what lymph nodes?
|
Para-aortic lymph nodes
|
|
|
The distal 1/3 of the vagina/vulva/scrotum/anus has lymphatic drainage to where?
|
Superficial inguinal nodes
|
|
|
Proximal 2/3 of vagina/uterus has lymphatic drainage to where?
|
Obturator, external iliac and hypogastric nodes
|
|
|
What is the most common type of monozygotic twin? During what days can separation occur to cause it?
|
Monochorionic, diamniotic, placenta sharing. 4-8 days (btwn morula and blastocyst)
|
|
|
Separation at what time point cause dichorionic, diamniotic monozytoic twins? Do they necessarily share a placenta?
|
Between 0-4 days. Can share or have separate placentas.
|
|
|
Separation at what time point causes monochorionic, diamniotic monozygotic twins?
|
8-12 days.
|
|
|
Separation after what time point causes conjoined twins?
|
After 13 days
|
|
|
Which is on the outside, the amnion or the chorion?
|
Chorion!
|
|
|
Which kind of twin is more common, dizygotic or monozygotic?
|
Dizygotic (80%)
|
|
|
Greatest risk factors for cervical cancer?
|
Early age ate first sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners
|
|
|
Is cigarette smoking a risk factor for cervical cancer? Alcohol? HIV?
|
Cigarettes yes, alcohol no. HIV yes.
|
|
|
What metabolites are shunted towards the fetus during pregnancy, and what to the mother?
|
Glucose and AAs to the fetus, FFAs, ketones and glycerol to the mom
|
|
|
Main hormone involves in maternal insulin resistence development during pregnancy?
|
human placental lactogen (increases insulin resistence so glucose is shunted towards fetus, increases lipolysis and proteolysis to feed mom). Also GH, estrogen, progesterone and GCs
|
|
|
Spontaneous bloody nipple discharge -> what kind of breast pathology? Benign or malignant? Increased risk of cancer?
|
Intraductal papilloma. Benign. SLIGHT increased risk of carcinoma
|
|
|
Breast mass: large bulky mass of connective tissue and cysts, "leaf-like" projections. 60y/o woman. What is it? Malignant?
|
Phyllodes tumor, some may become malignant.
|
|
|
Single most important prognostic factor in breast carcinoma?
|
Spread to axillary lymph nodes
|
|
|
Talk about the histology from the vagina to the ovary.
|
Vagina through ectocervix: stratified squamous. Endo cervix through fallopian tubes: simple columnar. Ovaries: simple cuboidal
|
|
|
Unilateral tumor that looks like a bladder on the ovary. What is it?
|
Brenner tumor.
|
|
|
Pseudomyxoma peritonei - what kind of ovarian tumor?
|
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
|
What type of ovarian tumor secretes estrogen?
|
Granulose cell tumor.
|
|
|
What are Call-Exner bodies ad what are they seen in?
|
Small follicles filled with eosinophillic secretions. Seen in Granuosa cell tumors of the ovary.
|
|
|
What keeps the high levels of progesterone during pregnancy from casuing lactation?
|
Estrogen and progesterone!
|
|
|
In the first trimester, what prodces estrogen and progesterone?
|
The corpus luteum!
|
|
|
What nerve inervates the scrotum/labia majora?
|
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
|
|
|
The SRY gene results in what product?
|
Testes determining factor
|
|
|
Which produces internal vs external male genitalia during development - testosterone vs DHT?
|
Testosterone - internal, DHT - external
|
|
|
After maturation but before meeting a sperm, the gg is arrested in what phase?
|
Metaphase of meiosis II (met a sperm!)
|
|
|
Until ovulation, what stage is the egg arrested in?
|
Prophase of meiosis I
|
|
|
What hormone causes the rupture of the dominant follicle?
|
LH!
|
|
|
What hormone cuases hte LH surge?
|
Estrogen! Gradually rising as FSH is stimulating and growing the follicles.
|
|
|
What causes progesterone levels to rise during the menstrual cycle?
|
Corpus luteum (so only starts after follice rupture)
|
|
|
hCG become detectable in the maternal serum only after what has happened? How many days after ovulation is this?
|
Implantation of the blastocyst! No earlier than 6 days, more like aorund 1 week!
|
|
|
In what cell type are androgen and progesterone synthesized from cholesterol in the ovary? Under the influence of what hormone?
|
Theca interna. LH.
|
|
|
In what cell type are androgens converted to estrogen in the ovary? Under the influence of what hormone, and by what enzyme?
|
Granulosa cell. FSH. Aromatase.
|
|
|
What do theca externa cells do?
|
Connective tissue support structure for the follicle.
|
|
|
Breast cancer: solid sheets of pleimorphic cells with central caseous necrosis. What type?
|
Comedocarcinoma, subtype of DCIS. Does not cross BM.
|
|
|
Breast cancer with fleshy,cellular lymphocytic infiltrate. What type?
|
Medullary.
|
|
|
Normal appearing endometrial tissue within the myometrium and an enlarged uterus. What is it?
|
Adenomyosis
|
|
|
Precocious puberty or endometrial hyperplasia with an ovarian mass - think what?
|
Granulosa cell tumor producing estrogen! Also linked to increased risk of endometrial cancer.
|
|
|
Dysgerminoma is associated with what genetic condition?
|
Turners
|
|
|
Choriocarcinomas have early hematogenous spread to where?
|
Lungs (orginate from molar pregnancies)
|
|
|
"Schiller Duval bodies" what ovarian malignancy?
|
Yolk sac tumor
|
|
|
Choriocarcinomas are associated with increased frequency of what kind of ovarian cyst?
|
Theca-lutein cysts
|
|
|
Spiral arteries and glycogen rich mucin in an endometrial biopsy of a premeno woman mean she at at what point in her cycle?
|
Luteal phase! Progesterone is high.
|
|
|
Which is elevated more in PCOS, LH or FSH?
|
LH (because estrogen is high from the multiple follicles, and estrogen stimulates LH)
|
|
|
What kind of drug is Clomiphene? What is it used for?
|
SERM (partial agonist at estrogen receptors in hypothal). Treatment of PCOS for women who want to get pregnant.
|
|
|
What is the level of progesterone in PCOS?
|
Low! Since no ovulation!
|
|
|
Where are the sertoli cells located?
|
In the seminiferous tubules!
|
|
|
In Klinefelter, abnormal developmen of what two structures leads to what hormone dysfunction?
|
Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules (sertoli cells) -> decreased inhibin, increased FSH. Abnormal leydig cells -> decreased testosterone, increased LH and estrogen
|
|
|
What medication is a structural analog of D-Ala-D-Ala?
|
Penilcillin!
|
|
|
Painful genital ulcer with inguinal lymphadenopathy, what is it?
|
Chancroid!
|
|
|
Which is triploid vs diploid: partial or complete mole? Which growth contains fetal tissue?
|
Partial = triploid (2 sperm + 1 egg). Complete = diploid (2 sperm no egg). Partial mole contains fetal tissue (a partial baby)
|
|
|
Which has a higher risk for gestatinoal trophoblastic dz - partial or complete mole?
|
Complete.
|
|
|
All skin from the umbilicus down (excluding the posterior calf) drains to what lymph node group?
|
Superficial inguinal nodes
|
|
|
Do women with Turner have a normal uterus? Can they be pregnant?
|
Normal uterus. Can usually only be pregnant by donor egg
|
|
|
Pelvic fracture vs straddle injury usually causes injury to what parts of the male urethra respectively?
|
Pelvic fracture - posterior urethra. Strddle - anterior
|
|
|
High riding prostate and blood at the urethral meatus in a male after a pelvic trauma - what is it?
|
Posterior urethral injury
|
|
|
Fluid in a hydrocoele accumlates in what?
|
Tunica vaginalis (in communication with peritoneum)
|
|
|
How do enterococcus cause resistance to aminoglycosides?
|
By transfering group (acetyl, phophate, etc) to them so they cant properly bind ribosomes
|
|
|
Mechanims of resistence of tetracyclins occurs by what two mechanisms?
|
1) Increased efflux or decreased influx 2)synthesis of protein that allows ribomes to work even in presence of tetracyclins
|
|
|
Why is chlamydia not efectively treated by penicillin and cephalosporins?
|
It's cell wall lacks peptidoglycan.
|
|
|
Does a vasectomy have a large effect on volume of ejaculate?
|
Nope! Very small!
|
|
|
Most common cause of calcium kidney stones?
|
Idiopathic hypercalciuria with normal serum calcium
|
|
|
Newborn with ambiguous genitalia and mom who showed virilization. What is it?
|
Congenital aromatase deficiency
|
|
|
Cellular mass wiht a cellular, myxoid strome that encircles and sometimes compresses epithelial lined ducts and cysts.
|
Fibroadenoma!
|
|
|
In what condition is sclerosing adenosis seen?
|
Fibrocystic change
|
|
|
Cell signaling mechanism of ANP and NO?
|
cGMP secondar messenger system - binding increaes intracelluarl cGMP
|
|
|
Hormonal function of what cell is usually impaired in cryptorchidism?
|
Sertoli cells -> damaged, so not producing enough Inhibin B -> loss of neg feedback, elevated FSH
|
|
|
What is necessary for cystitis to turn into pyelo?
|
Vesicoureteral reflux (can be congenital or can be caused by weakened valves from many cysitises over time.)
|
|
|
Pathogenesis of hematuria in sickle trait?
|
Papillary necrosis
|
|
|
RCC is most commonly located where in the kidney?
|
One of the poles
|
|
|
What vessels are contained in the suspensatory ligament of the ovary?
|
Ovarian vessels
|
|
|
What artery is contained in the broad ligament of the uterus?
|
Artery of Sampson
|
|
|
What vessels are contained in the ovarian ligament?
|
None!
|
|
|
Upper 1/3 of ureter receives it's blood supply from where?
|
Renal artery!
|
|
|
Which renal stones look like coffin lids?
|
Struvite!
|
|
|
For what kind of renal stone should you recomend taking B6?
|
Calcium oxalate. B6 reduces the body's production of oxalate.
|
|
|
High or low soidum diet to help with calcium renal stones?
|
Low. High soidum associated with increased bone resorption -> high calcium
|
|
|
Is low SES a risk factor for cervical cancer?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What type of drug is bethanechol? Use?
|
Muscarinic agonist. Bowel and bladder.
|
|
|
What kind of drug is carbachol? Use?
|
Muscarinic and nicotinic agonist. Poor penetration. Used for ocular things.
|
|
|
What kind of drug is pilocarpine? Use?
|
Muscarinic agonist. Eyes
|
|
|
What kind of drug is Methacholine?
|
Muscarinic agonist.
|
|
|
All the -stigmines are what?
|
AChE inhibitors.
|
|
|
What is edrophonium? Use?
|
AChE inhibitor. Diagnosis of MG (extremely short acting)
|
|
|
What kind of drug is benztropine?
|
Muscarinic antagonist
|
|
|
What kind of drug is oxybutinin?
|
Muscarinic antagonist
|
|
|
Ipratropium and tiotropium are what kind of drug?
|
Muscarinic antagonist
|
|
|
As it enters the pelvis, the ureter is medial and lateral to what structures?
|
Medial to the gonadal vessels (which it has just crossed under on its way from the kidney) lateral to the internal iliac
|
|
|
In cystinuria (causing cystine stones) what else is found in high quantities in the urine? Why?
|
Amino acids! Same trasnporter that is defective for cystine works for AAs.
|
|
|
What is the urine sodium cyanide-nitroprusside test testing for?
|
Cystine in the urine
|
|
|
What effect does citrate have on what kind of kidney stones? Why?
|
Citrate decreases formation of calcium stones, because it chelates calcium
|
|
|
How do mifepristone and misoprostal work?
|
Mifepristone = anti-progestin. MisoPROSTAl = prostaglandin analog
|
|
|
Tx of GC/Chlam?
|
Ceftriaxone for GC (IM shot), doxy or azithro for Chlam
|
|
|
Trimethoprim has the same MoA as what drug? What is it?
|
MTX. Dihydropfolate reductase inhibitor
|
|
|
What abx is a structural analog of PABA and messes with folic acid pathway?
|
Sulfa!
|
|
|
Withdrawing progesterone causes what to happen to endometrial cells?
|
Apoptosis (NOT ATROPHY)
|
|
|
What vessels are between a direct and indirect hernia?
|
Inferior epigastrics (NOT femorals - these are nex to femoral hernias)
|
|
|
Genital lesions in primary, secondary and tertiary syphilis?
|
Primary: painless chancre, secondary: condylomata lata, tertiary: gumma
|
|
|
What causes condylomata acuminatat vs lata?
|
Acuminata - HPV. Lata - secondary syphilis
|
|
|
Are there cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts and villi in choriocarcinoma?
|
Cyto and syncytio, but not villi!
|
|
|
Pubic hair appears and breast bud forms - what tanner stage?
|
II
|
|
|
Pubic hair darkens and becomes curly, penis size/length increases, breast enlarged, what tanner stage?
|
III
|
|
|
Penis width increases, darker scrotal skin, development of glans, raised areolae, what tanner stage?
|
IV
|
|
|
ARe Leydig cells affected by temperature? Why do we care?
|
No! Thus, testosterone can be normal in cryptorchidism
|
|
|
Testicular tumor with increased PLAP, what is it?
|
Seminoma (placental alk phos)
|
|
|
What is Danazol? What is it used for?
|
synthetic androgen that acts as partial agonist. Used in endometriosis and hereditary angioedema
|
