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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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incidence is ___/___
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new cases
population at risk |
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prevalence in terms of incidence
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incidence x disease duration
(approximately) |
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prevalence > incidence for ___
prevalence = incidence for ___ |
chronic diseases
acute diseases |
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statistic for case-control studies
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odds ratio
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odds ratio definition: ___/___
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odds of disease in exposed group
odds of disease in unexposed group |
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odds ratio formula
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OR = (ad/bc)
where (a,b) are exposed with + without disease (c,d) are unexposed with + without disease |
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statistic for cohort studies
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relative risk
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relative risk definition: ___/___
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probability of disease in exposed group
probability of disease in unexposed group |
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relative risk formula
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RR = [a/(a + b)] / [c/(c + d)]
where (a,b) are exposed with + without disease (c,d) are unexposed with + without disease |
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number needed to treat
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NNT=1/ARR
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number needed to harm
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NNH = 1/attributable risk
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type I error is aka ___
it means ___ |
alpha
false positive |
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type II error is aka ___
it means ___ |
beta
false negative |
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phase 1 studies have ___ n who are sick/healthy
it checks ___ (2) |
small
healthy safety pharmacokinetics |
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phase 2 studies have ___ n who are sick/healthy
it checks ___ (3) |
small
sick efficacy dosing SEs |
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phase 3 studies have ___ n who are sick/healthy
it checks ___ |
large
sick how new drug compares to standard tx |
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statistical power definition
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probability of true positive (correct rejection of H_0)
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formula for statistical power
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1-beta
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3 determinants of statistical power
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# of endpoints experienced by population
difference in compliance between groups size of expected effect |
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% of population within 1 SD of mean
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68
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% of population within 2 SD of mean
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95
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% of population within 3 SD of mean
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99.7
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formula for SEM
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SD/sqrt(n)
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use chi-square to compare ___ or more ___s
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2
percentages or proportions |
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coefficient of correlation ranges from ___ to ___
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-1
1 |
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1' prevention does ___
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prevent disease
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2' prevention does ___
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early detection
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3' prevention does ___
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reduce disability from disease
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13 diseases reportable in all states
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Hep A-C
Salmonella Shigella Syphilis Measles Mumps AIDS Rubella TB Chickenpox Gonorrhea |
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3 parts of informed consent
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discussion of pertinent information
patient's agreement freedom from coercion |
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4 exceptions to informed consent
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incompetence
emergency (implied consent) when informing would harm patient (therapeutic privilege) patient waives his/her right |
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5 criteria for acceptable patient choice
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communicated by patient
patient is informed decision is stable decision is consistent with patient's values decision is not result of delusions/hallucinations |
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T/F: patient's family can demand that doctor withhold information from patient
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false
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durable power of attorney means ___
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patient appoints someone to make decisions for him/her
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T/F: patient may revoke power of attorney from the appointed person
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true
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3 conditions for violating confidentiality
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likely harm to self or others
the harm is preventable no other way to warn those in danger |
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4 conditions for malpractice
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physician had a duty
the duty was breached (dereliction) patient was harmed (damage) the breach of duty caused the harm (direct) |
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T/F: family members are entitled to information about patient's case
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false: need patient's consent
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T/F: it's ok to tell child about his illness
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false: need to go through parents
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T/F: it's ok to give condoms + contraception without consulting parents
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true
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T/F: it's ok for doctor to receive money from drug company for referrals to drug trial
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false: can't ever get drug money
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5 parts of APGAR score
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Appearance
Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration |
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give 2 APGAR appearance points for ___, 1 for ___ and 0 for ___
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all pink
trunk pink blue |
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give 2 APGAR pulse points for ___, 1 for ___ and 0 for ___
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>100
<100 none |
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give 2 APGAR grimace points for ___, 1 for ___ and 0 for ___
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grimace + cough
grimace none |
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give 2 APGAR activity points for ___, 1 for ___ and 0 for ___
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active
some limp |
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give 2 APGAR respiration points for ___, 1 for ___ and 0 for ___
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regular
irregular none |
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low birth weight definition
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<2500g
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social smile appears at ___
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3 mo
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stranger anxiety appears at ___
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7--9 mo
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Moro reflex is sequence of ___ (3) on ___
it disappears at ___ |
arm abduction
arm adduction crying pull/release from supine position 3 mo |
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plantar extensor reflex disappears at ___
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15 mo
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for first 3 years, # of blocks stacked equals ___
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years old x 3
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2 years old creates sentences ___ words long
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2
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object permanence is achieved by age ___
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2
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according to Piaget, logical thinking starts at ___, during the ___ stage
but abstract thinking not till ___, during the ___ stage |
7
concrete operational 12 formal operational |
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4 sleep changes in elderly
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increased latency
reduced REM sleep reduced slow-wave sleep increased awakenings |
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normal BMI is ___
obese is ___ morbidly obese is ___ |
18.5--24.9
>30 >40 |
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EEG rhythm during normal awake state
this has ___ frequency and ___ amplitude |
beta
high low |
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EEG rhythm during light sleep (stage 1)
you spend ___% of sleep in this stage |
theta
5 |
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EEG rhythm during intermediate sleep (stage 2)
you spend ___% of sleep in this stage |
sleep spindles + K complexes
45 |
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EEG rhythm during deep sleep (stage 3--4)
this has ___ frequency and ___ amplitude you spend ___% of sleep in this stage |
delta
low high 25 |
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EEG rhythm during REM sleep
you spend ___% of sleep in this stage |
beta
25 |
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___ happens in stage 2 sleep
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bruxism
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___ (3) happens in stage 3--4 sleep
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sleepwalking
night terrors bedwetting |
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___ (3) happens during REM sleep
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dreaming
paralysis erection |
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brain O2 use is highest during ___ sleep
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REM
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neurotransmitter important in sleep initiation
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5-HT
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neurotransmitter which promotes REM sleep
neurotransmitter which reduces REM sleep |
ACh
NE |
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2 drugs which shortens stage 4 sleep
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BDZ (useful for night terrors, sleepwalking)
imipramine (useful for enuresis) |
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pulse during REM sleep is ___ (2)
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fast
variable |
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BP during REM sleep is ___ (2)
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high
variable |
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REM occurs every ___ hours during the night
duration of REM ___s as night goes on |
1.5
increases |
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narcolepsy is associated with ___ (3)
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hypnagogic hallucination
hypnapompic hallucination cataplexy |
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cataplexy is ___ in response to ___
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loss of muscle tone
emotional stimulus |
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narcoleptic sleep starts with ___ stage
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REM
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2 tx for narcolepsy
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amphetamine
modafinil |
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melatonin release from ___ is triggered by ___ release from ___
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pineal
NE HTh SCN |
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2 main CNS functions of NE
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stimulant
pain control |
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elevated synaptic NE causes ___ pain
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reduced
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most important CNS function of ACh
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memory
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HAergic cells in CNS are found mainly in ___
3 CNS functions of HA |
HTh
sedation weight control cardiovascular |
