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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does vitamin A deficiency manifest?
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night blindness, dry skin
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How does vitamin A overload manifest?
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arthralgia, alopecia, skin changes
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How does vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency manifest?
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beriberi and wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
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What is wet BeriBeri?
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high output cardiac failure, edema
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What is dry BeriBeri?
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polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting
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How does a vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency manifest?
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inflammed lips and mouth, cornea problems
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How does a vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency manifest?
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Pellagra. (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia)
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How does a vitamin B5 (pantothenate) deficiency manifest?
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dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal problems
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How does a vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency manifest?
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convulsions, hyperirritability
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How does a vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency manifest?
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macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, neurological malfunction
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How does a folate deficiency manifest?
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macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects in fetuses
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How does a biotin deficiency manifest?
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dermatitis, enteritis
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How does a vitamin C deficiency manifest?
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scurvy (swollen gums, bruising, anemia, poor wound healing)
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How does a vitamin D deficiency manifest?
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rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults
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How does a vitamin E deficiency manifest?
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fragile RBCs, neurological malfunctions
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How does a vitamin K deficiency manifest?
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coagulation problems, increased PT and PTT
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How does a zinc deficiency manifest?
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delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, hair loss
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Follow the metabolism of ethanol within liver cells:
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ethanol -> acetaldehyde -> acetate. Done by dehydrogenase enzymes with NAD+ as a cofactor
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What does ethanol metabolism do to glucose?
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Increases NADH/NAD+ ratio, and so inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases fatty acid synthesis and leads to hypoglycemia
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Purines have how many rings? Which two are in our DNA?
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2 rings. Adenosine, Guanine.
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Pyrimidines have how many rings? Which are common in our genetics?
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1 ring. Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
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What 3 amino acids are needed to synthesize the purines de novo?
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glycine, aspartate, glutamine
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What is a silent DNA mutation?
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change in nucleotide, but results in the same amino acid (arises from redundancy)
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What is a missense DNA mutation?
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change in amino acid, but no change in protein structure or function (new aa is similar to the old aa)
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What is a nonsense DNA mutation?
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change results in a stop codon
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What is a frame shift DNA mutation?
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change resulting in a change of all nucleotides downstream from the mutation
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What does the promoter region of DNA do?
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binds RNA polymerase upstream of the gene it promotes
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What does the enhancer region of DNA do?
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alters gene expression of its gene by binding other factors. Can be anywhere in relation to its gene.
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How is RNA processed in the nucleus?
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5' cap
3' aaaaaa tail splices out the introns |
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What happens in the E,P, and A sites in the ribosome?
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A = tRNA arrives
P = amino acid is added to the growing chain E = tRNA exits |
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Where in the cell cycle does Rb and p53 act?
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Rb and p53 inhibit the cell from moving from the G1 phase to the S phase
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What do cyclins and CDK do?
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mediate the progression through the cell cycle
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What is the purpose of the rough ER?
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production of proteins to be exported from the cell
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What is the purpose of the smooth ER?
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detoxification and steroid production
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What molecule does the Golgi add to a protein in order to send it to a lysosome?
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mannose-6-phosphate
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Vesicles coated with COP1 travel where?
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from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde)
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Vesicles coated with COP2 travel where?
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from the ER to the Golgi (anterograde)
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Vesicles coated with clathrin travel where?
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from the Golgi to lysosomes, or from the plasma membrane to the endosomes
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microtubule polymerization defects resulting in decreased phagocytosis is called, what?
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Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
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What 5 drugs act on microtubules?
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mebendazole, paclitaxel, griseofulvin, vincristine, colchicine
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Which disease results from dynein arm defects, with infertility, bronchiectasis, sinusitis, and situs inversus resulting?
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Kartagener's Syndrome
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What drug inhibits the Na+/K+ ATPase pump by binding to the extracellular K+ site?
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ouabain
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What structures contain type 1 collagen?
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skin, tendon, bone, scars
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What structures contain type 2 collagen?
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cartilage
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What structures contain type 3 collagen?
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blood vessels, fetus, granulation tissue
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What structures contain type 4 collagen?
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basement membrane
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What are the steps in collagen production?
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fibroblasts make pre-pro-collagen, which is hydroxylated, glycosylated, wound into a triple helix, and exocytosed. Outside the cell, the segments are cleaved and cross-linked, forming collagen
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What is the problem in Osteogenesis Imperfecta?
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procollagen can't wind into the triple helix inside fibroblasts
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What is the problem Ehlers-Danos Syndrome?
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collagen units can't crosslink extracellularly. Affects type 3 collagen the most
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What are some symptoms of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?
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hyperextendable skin,
bleeds easily hypermobile joints |
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What are some symptoms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta?
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brittle bones, blue sclera in the eyes, hearing loss, dental problems
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Where in the body would you find elastin?
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lungs, large arteries, ligaments, vocal cords
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What endogenous chemical inhibits elastase?
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alpha one anti-trypsin
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Where in the cell does fatty acid oxidation take place?
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mitochondria
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Where in the cell does acetyl-CoA production take place?
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mitochondria
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Where in the cell does the Krebs Cycle take place?
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mitochondria
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Where in the cell does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
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mitochondria
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Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?
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cytoplasm
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where in the cell does fatty acid synthesis take place?
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cytoplasm
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Where in the cell does the HMP shunt take place?
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cytoplasm
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Where in the cell does steroid synthesis take place?
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cytoplasm
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Where in the cell does heme synthesis take place?
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part in the cytoplasm and part in the mitochondria
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Where in the cell does the Urea cycle take place?
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part in the cytoplasm, part in the mitochondria
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Where in the cell does gluconeogenesis take place?
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part in the cytoplasm and part in the mitochondria
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What is the rate-limiting step in de novo pyrimidine synthesis?
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ATCase
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What is the rate limiting step in de novo purine synthesis?
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glutamine amidotransferase
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What is the rate-limiting step in glycolysis?
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PFK-1
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What is the rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis?
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pyruvate carboxylase
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What is the rate-limiting step in the TCA cycle?
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isocitrate dehydrogenase
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what is the rate-limiting step in glycogen synthesis?
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glycogen synthase
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What is the rate-limiting step in glycogenolysis?
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glycogen phosphorylase
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What is the rate limiting step in the HMP shunt?
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G6PD
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What is the rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis?
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Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
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What is the rate-limiting step in fatty acid oxidation?
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carnitine acyltransferase
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What is the rate-limiting step in ketogenesis?
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HMG-CoA synthase
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What is the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis?
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HMG-CoA reductase
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What is the rate-limiting step in heme synthesis?
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ALA synthase
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What is the rate limiting step in the urea cycle?
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Carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1
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What molecule transfers methyl groups between compounds in the cell?
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SAM
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What two co-factors are needed to replenish supplies of SAM?
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vitamin B12 and folate
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How many ATP does anaerobic glycolysis yield per glucose molecule?
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2 ATP
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How many ATP does aerobic glycolysis/TCA cycle/oxidative phosphorylation of one glucose molecule yield?
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30-32 ATPs
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what is the main product of the HMP shunt?
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NADPH
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What processes use NADPH?
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anabolic processes
respiratory burst P-450 |
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deficiency of NADPH oxidase deficiency is known as:
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chronic granulomatous disease
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Where is hexokinase? What does it do?
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in all cells. traps glucose within the cell. High affinity, low capacity for glucose. Insulin does not affect it.
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Where is glucokinase? What does it do?
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In liver and beta pancreas cells. traps glucose within the cell. Low affinity, high capacity. Insulin turns it on.
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What is the manifestation of glycolytic enzyme deficiency? And why is this?
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hemolytic anemia, because RBCs have no mitochondria and rely solely on glycolysis
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What does F2,6BP do?
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stimulates glycolysis, inhibits gluconeogenesis
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What 5 cofactors are required by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to turn pyruvate into acetyl CoA?
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vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, lipoic acid
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What are the symptoms of arsenic poisoning? How does arsenic affect you?
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vomiting, watery diarrhea, garlic breath. Arsenic inhibits lipoic acid, which decreases the pyruvate->acetyle coA reaction
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What are symptoms of pyruvate dehodrogenase complex deficiency? How do you treat it?
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lactic acidosis, neuralogical defects. Treat by eating ketogenic nutrients, like fat and lysine/leucine
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What purpose does the Cori Cycle serve?
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moves lactic acid from the muscle to the liver, which turns it into glucose, which goes back to the muscle. overall cost: 4 ATP
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How many ATPs are made from one NADH in the electron transport chain?
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3 ATPs
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How manyATPs are made from one FADH in the electron transport cycle?
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2 ATP
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