Step 1 Behavioral Science

Front 1

what is the measurable outcome in a case-control study?

Back 1

- odds ratio

- "COPD had higher odds of history of smoking than those without COPD"

Front 2

what is the measurable outcome in a cohort study?

Back 2

- relative risk

- "smokers had higher risk of developing COPD"

Front 3

what is a twin concordance study?

Back 3

- measures heritability b/w monozygotic or dizygotic twins developing diseases

Front 4

what do adoption studies look at?

Back 4

- heritability vs environmental factors

Front 5

what is phase I?

Back 5

- I: small number of healthy volunteers - assesses safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics

Front 6

what is phase II?

Back 6

- II: small number of patients with disease of interest - assesses treatment efficacy, optimal dosing, adverse effects

Front 7

what is phase III?

Back 7

- III: large number of patients randomly assigned - compares new treatment to current standard of care

Front 8

what is phase IV?

Back 8

- postmarketing surveillance after approval - detects rare or adverse effects

Front 9

what is the sensitivity? when do you use it?

Back 9

- proportion of people who have the disease who test positive

- (1-false negative rate) or TP/(TP+FN) --> a/a+c

- SNOUT

- use it when screening diseases with low prevalence

Front 10

what is specificity? when do you use it?

Back 10

- proportion of people who do not have the disease who test negative

- (1-false positive rate) or TN/TN+FP --> d/b+d

- SPIN

- used as confirmatory test after positive screening test

Front 11

what is PVP?

Back 11

- proportion of people who test positive who actually have the disease

- TP/TP+FP

- varies with prevalence, high pretest probability = higher PPV

Front 12

what is PVN?

Back 12

- probability that person is actually disease free after neg. test result

- TN/TN+FN

- varies with prevalence, high pretest probability = low PVN

Front 13

how do you calculate prevalence given the incidence? when is prevalence > incidence?

Back 13

- prevalence = incidence x disease duration

- prevalence > incidence for all chronic conditions

Front 14

what is the odds ratio?

Back 14

- odds that group with disease was exposed to risk factor (a/c) divided by odds that group without disease was exposed (b/d)

- ad/bc

Front 15

what is the relative risk?

Back 15

- risk of developing disease in exposed group/risk in unexposed group

- if prevalence is low then RR = OR

Front 16

what is the attributable risk?

Back 16

- difference in risk between exposed & unexposed groups (proportion of disease occurrences attributable to exposure)

Front 17

what is absolute risk reduction?

Back 17

- difference between % in placebo vs. intervention

Front 18

what is NNT? NNH?

Back 18

- NNT = 1/ARR

- NNH = 1/AR

Front 19

what is precision vs. accuracy?

Back 19

- precision: reproducibility, random error reduces it, increased precision = decreased SD

- accuracy: validity, absence of systematic error or bias

Front 20

what does random & systematic error do to precision & accuracy?

Back 20

- random error reduces precision

- systematic error reduces accuracy

Front 21

what is type I error (alpha)?

Back 21

- stating there is a difference when none exists

- reject null

- p-value

Front 22

what is type II error (beta)?

Back 22

- not a difference when one really exists

- accept null

Front 23

what is power?

Back 23

- probability of rejecting the null when it is false

- 1-beta

Front 24

what is the APGAR score?

Back 24

- appearance

- pulse

- grimace

- activity

- respiration

- >7 is good, 4-6 assist & stimulate, <4 resuscitate

Front 25

what are the stages of sleeping?

Back 25

- BATS Drink Blood

- Beta, alpha, theta, sleep spindles & K complexes, delta, beta