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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What are the different types of microorganisms that cause infectious disease? `
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Bacteria fungi and viruses, and protozoa
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2. Give examples of STD causing microbes that have a eukaryotic cell structure
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.-trichomonas vaginatis, candida albicans
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3. Which of these would be a fungus?
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candida albicans
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4. Which of these would be a protozoan?
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trichomonas vaginatis
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5. What animals are capable of causing STDs? –
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most warm blooded animals The most common sexually transmitted disease among animals today is brucellosis, or undulant fever, which is common among domestic livestock and occurs in mammals including dogs, goats, deer, and rats. A bacterial infection that can be treated with antibiotics
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6. Give examples of STD causing microbes that have a prokaryotic cell structure.
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Neisseria Gonorrhea-causes Gonorrhea-Treponema Pallidam- causes Syphillis- Chlamydia Trachomutis- Chlamydia
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7. Be able to identify major differences between eukaryotic cell structure compared to prokaryotic cell structure concerning differences in size, presence of nucleus and organelles, size of ribosomes, method of cell division
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Check study guide
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8. What is the function of the mitochondria?
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? Involved in energy production for the cell
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Chloroplast?
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Involved in photosynthesis
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cell membrane
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Seperates the inside of the cell (cytoplasm) from the outside of the cell
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Do all living cells have a cell wall?
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No, plant and fungal cells have cell walls animals do not
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12. Do all living cells have a cell membrane?
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yes
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13. Do all living cells have ribosomes?
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yes
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14. How do the bacterial chromosomes differ from eukaryotic chromosomes concerning where they are found in the cell, number present?
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The bacterial chromosome is located in the cytoplasm and only have one sometimes they weill have smll circular extrachromosomal pieces of DNA callsed plasmids. Eukaryotic chromosomes are locaed in the nucleus they consist of DNA they are homologous chromosme pair humans have 23 pairs-46 total
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What is a plasmid?
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A plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA usually found in the cytoplasm of bacteria, not in the nucleus. It is not the main genetic material of the bacteria so it replicates itself independent of the bacteria's chromosomes, which are in the nucleus. The purpose of the plasmid is so that different bacteria can exchange their genetic information in it to adapt to their environment. Thus there are cases where bacteria suddenly grow resistant to medicine due to the exchange of drug-resistant genes among the bacteria. The plasmid also sets the stage for DNA recombination. Scientists make use of the ability for the plasmid to move in and out of the bacteria to "edit" the genetic material of the plasmid. After the plasmid has been altered, it is but back into the bacteria thus called DNA recombination.
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16. What kinds of traits can plasmids code for?
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Separate traits that might be beneficial to the bacterium such as the ability to cause disease or the ability to resist the killing activity of antibiotics
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17. What is the definition of an antibiotic?-
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any of a large group of chemical substances, as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by various microorganisms and fungi, having the capacity in dilute solutions to inhibit the growth of or to destroy bacteria and other microorganisms, used chiefly in the treatment of infectious diseases.
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How does the penicillin type antibiotics kill bacterial cells?
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They work by killing peptidoglycon-we don’t have peptidoglycon (which is part of the bacterium cell well) in our cells walls so it doesn’t hurt us
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19. Why do penicillin type antibiotics show selective toxicity against bacteria?
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Inhibit peptidoglycan formation by binding to the enzyme transpeptidase-our cells are not made of peptidoglycan
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How do the erythromycin type and tetracycline type antibiotics kill bacteria?
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Erythromycin works by blocking the bacterial cell's machinery for making new proteins.
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Why are they only effective against bacterial cells?-
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because of the differences in how humans and bacterial cells make their protein - Macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, are similar to aminoglycosides in that their target activity involves the ribosomal complex. However, instead of attacking the 30S subunit, they attack the larger 50S subunit (specifically at the peptidyl transferase center in the 23S sub-subunit). Since erythromycin is produced naturally by bacteria such as Streptomyces erythreus, it is no surprise then that a specific gene also exists within various bacteria that inhibits erythromycin function.
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22. What is meant by the term antibiotic resistance?
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? Bacteria adapt to avoid an antibacterial toxic effects, can happen by muations gene transfer,
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23. Give an example of an STD that is associated with antibiotic (or antimicrobial resistance in the case of viruses) resistance?
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gonorhea
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24. Be able to describe the basic structure of viruses (capsid, type of nucleic acid, presence of envelope) and their method of reproduction. Give some examples of STDs caused by viruses.-******
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Viruses not alive, biological entities, virueses 100-1000 times smalled than bacteria virus .02-.2 micrmeters names of viruses is name of the disease it causes
Virus composed of genetic material surrounded by protein coat protein coal-capsid, consists of many individual proteins each one called capsomere Icosahederan shape-very common made up of 21 triangular surfaces Some have helical shape structured Some capsides complex part helical part Icosahedron Genetic material inside virus can be DNA or RNA but not both In living cell in nucleus there is DNA in order to express genes in DNA we make a copy of the gene is made out of RNA goes out of nucleur pores into cytoplasm where ribosome connects to it and make protein that RNA codes for and this protein produces a trait Examples of DNA virus-herpes virus, includes herpes simplex both genital and oral herpes Small pox cow pox=DNA viruses RNA virus- rubies virus, hiv , hpv Some viruses have an envolope consist of membrane covers capsid some have protein spidles are attachment sites for virus A virus picks up envelope buds out of cell pick up membrane of host cell Viruses are obligate intracellular-has to be inside cell- parasites Viruses cannon live out on its own Ways to grow a virus-embryorated egg- most popular way |
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25. How does disease differ from infection in regards to infectious disease?
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One can have a infection-colonization of the body by a pathogenic microbe without having a disease(a change in the state of health) someone could have HIV and not have a change in their state of health till years later
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26. What is meant by the term normal flora?
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The bacteria that is a commensals –cozy place to live without affecting the host
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Where is normal flora found in the human body?
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Skin mouth nose throat small inesttine large intestine and the lower part of the genital and urinary tracts
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What is a commensal relationship?
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Getting a cozy place to live without effecting the hose
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What is a mutualistic relationship?
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? Give us a benefit of the normal flora being there-not hurting us but helping us
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30. Describe two benefits we get from our normal flora
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inhibit the growth of disease causing microbes by out-competing them for food and give us vitamins that we can use
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31. Robert Koch (1850-1890) is famous for formulating Koch’s postulates on infectious disease. Why are these postulates important?
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It proved that a particular organism caused a particular disease
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What are the four postulates?
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* The bacteria must be present in every case of the disease.
* The bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture. * The specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the bacteria is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host. * The bacteria must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host. |
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34. What is an incubation period concerning infectious disease?
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during which the organism growns to increased numbers-usually no symptoms
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36. communicable
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-meaning it can be spread from one individual to another
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37. contagious
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meaning that it can be easily spread from one to another,
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38. local
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meaning that the microbe stays in one location of the body,
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39. systemic,
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meaning that the organism spreads from the original location to throughout the body
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primary
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, the original infection
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41. secondary
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A secondary infection is an infection that occurs during or after treatment of another, already existing infection. It may result from the treatment itself or from alterations in the immune system.
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42. acute
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meaning that the disease comes on quickly and usually passes quickly,
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chronic
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,-comes on slowly and lasts for a llong time
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endemic
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when a disease is constantly present at constant levels in a population
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epidemic
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when a disease has higher than expected incidence in a population
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46. pandemic
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.a world wide epidemic
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47. What are typical reservoirs of infectious disease?
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? A resorvoir is a place that a disease can live there are human reervoirs 0no disease symptoms yet shed pathogenic microorganisms, animal reservoirs rabies virus live in bates lyme disease bacterium lives in mice and deer. And non living reservoirs soil and water.
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Transmission routes?
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There is direct contact touching sexual shaking hands indirect transferring organisms via inanimate objects clothing table top door knows. Drop let contact cough and sneezing. Vector contact mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, flies.
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Portals of entry?
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Broken skin direct inoculation suc as sharing iv needles repiratory tract breath the microbe in from droplets, gastronintestinal track swalloing or drinking the microbe and geito urinary tract
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50. Portals of exit?
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Fecal material saliva and nas fluids such as coughing shed skin cells , semen and vaginal fluids urine iv needles
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51. What are factors that contribute to the probability of acquiring an infectious disease?
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p=n x v//r
p=probablility of disease n-#of microbe enter host v-virulence of microorganism r-host resistance something’s lower host resistance-hiv, antibiotics, living in unsanitary conditions, good nutrition, stress |
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52. Why was John Snow’s work on cholera in 1850 significant?
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It helped dispute the theory that diseases were caused by bad air and brought to light the cause of the epidemic in London, it is considered the start to epidemiology
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53. What types of questions can be answered using epidemiological methods?
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The questions that can be answered are where when and how diseaes 54. are spread ir allos health care personnel to determine how certain diseases are spread determine who is at risk for the disease determine methods of prevention and make predictions on the spread of the disease
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55. What is the role of the CDC?
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It is responsible for following the incidence of certain notifiable disease in the US=there are approximently 52 diseases that they follow the number one being chlamydia...for cdc all 52 are diseases we can prove individual has it, syphilist gonorrhea clamydia, aids, that’s it for stds
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56. When was it established?
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It was established in 1946
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Where is it’s headquaters located?
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atlanta Georgia
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58. What is the MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)?
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The cdc receives reports of new diseases or outbreaks of strange diseases it then spreads the word thoughout the country by its publication
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59. Which of the STDs are reportable diseases to the CDC
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syphilist gonorrhea clamydia, aids, hepatitis abc
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60. According to the 2007 National STD Surveillance Summary, what are the 8 most common STDs in the U.S.?
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#1 reported std Chlamydia #2 gonnerhea #3 genital warts #4 herpes #5 trichomantasis #6 hiv/aids
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61. What are the top two most frequently reported STDs
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chlamydia, gonorhea
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How do the number of cases of gonorrhea compare to the number of cases of syphilis?
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chlymida much higher 1.2 milion to .336 million
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63. Which organization produces the Weekly Epidemiological Record?
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WHO
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descriptive studies:
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Descriptive epidemiological studies describe the facts surrounding an outbreak of a disease and determine case definitions, incidence of those with the disease (attack rate), incidence of those who die from the disease (mortality rate or case-fatality rate).
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analytical studies:
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65. Analytical studies determine risk factors associated with a particular disease
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How do retrospective (case-control) studies differ from prospective (cohort) studies?
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Retrospective looks at past facts while propestive follows someone in the present and future
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67. Experimental studies are used to determine if a particular treatment is effective. Why is it important to have control groups in these studies?
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To see if the drugs effectivness can be attributed to psychological factors (placebo)
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what is placebo
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sugar pill, innocuous
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69. What two STDs have the most historical significance?
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syphilis, and prob gonorhea
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70. Who named gonorrhea, when?
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Galen 130/ Aelius Galenus ad
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When did syphilis first make its appearance?
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1492 syphilis 1st appears as a disease, perhaps brought back by columbos. Sailors made appearnce in naples italy called French spansih Italian disease some ppl think that syphilis not from columbos silimar to yaws belal mutated into treponema palladum
1530 girolano fracastor names syphilis in poem”syphilis sive morbos gallious” gonorrhea and syphilis are called veneral disease, mercuy used as a cure “a night w/ venus causes a lifetime on mercury” 1905 trenonemia pallidum is identified 1910 paul ehrlich developed an arsenical against syphilis 1929 alexander fleming discovers penecillen 1945 penicillen is used as a vure for bacterial disese effective against gonnorhea, syphilis |
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72. What was it called when first identified?
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girolano fracastor names syphilis in poem”syphilis sive morbos gallious”
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When was the bacteria cause of syphilis, Treponema pallidum, first identified?
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1905 trenonemia pallidum is identified
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What was the contribution of Paul Ehrlich?
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1910 paul ehrlich developed an arsenical against syphilis
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alexander fleming
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1929 alexander fleming discovers penecillen
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? When was the last major syphilis epidemic in the US?
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1960, or 1980 ask before class
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What was the Tuskegee syphilis study and what were the results of the study?
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tuskagee syphilis study 1932-1972.399 black males that have syphilis and 200 that do not have it were put in a study
was a prospective study to see affect on syphilis long term, and see if it affected blacks different than whites. it didnt. they didn’t tell them that they have syphilis say that they have bad blood 1943 swhen penicillin became available it was not given even in the army they were told not to give thesee ppls that shots results, 28 had died of it 100 had died w/ complicatious 40 wives infected, 19 children w/ congenital syphilis 1973 9 million dollars awarded 1997 clinton apologives |
