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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inductive Reasoning |
Specific -> general
Start with observations, put them together to form a theory |
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Deductive Reasoning |
General -> specific
Start with a theory, then use verification |
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5 steps of choosing a research topic |
1. What am I interested in? 2. Find a "research problem" 3. Carefully state research problem 4. Develop this into a hypothesis 5. Determine feasibility of hypothesis |
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2 main theories of epistimology |
Positivism Constructivism |
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Reality is :
objective and singular separate from the observer value-free and unbiased |
Positivism |
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No fixed reality, everything is subjective Things are what we make them to be Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle |
Constructivism |
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What is Triangulation? |
Using both qualitative and quantitative reasoning to answer a research question |
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Descriptive research |
Describe populations |
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Exploratory research |
Find relationships |
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Experimental |
Cause and Effect
RCT- true experiments |
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What is post-positivism? |
Compromise Reality is singular but viewed through subjective eyes |
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Do quantitative and qualitative research use logic or empiricism? |
Both |
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What is empiricism? |
Verification through observation or experience Can be quantitative or qualitative (does NOT mean quantification) |
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What are the 4 aspects of the scientific method? |
Universality Reproducibility Control Measurement |
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What type of research is a survey? |
Prospective Collects objective and subjective info Most common method of research |
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What is a literature review? |
A comprehensive overview of what is known about a topic More than one article, usually published |
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What is the purpose of a literature review? |
To set the stage for a research project To support an evidence-based practice |
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Components of Evidence Based Practice |
Best available evidence in: Literature Clinical Experience Patient preferences in the process |
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How are clinical questions constructed? |
PICO: Population Intervention Comparison Outcome |
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Generalized database vs specialized |
Gen: PubMed - Pro: comprehensive - Con: not selective for quality
Spec: Cochrane - Pro: Best pre-appraised quality - Con: highly selective |
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Sackett's Classification of Studies |
I- Large RCT, Systematic Reviews II- Smalled RCT III- Not randomized, concurrent cohort comparisons with/without tx IV- Nonrandomized historical cohort comparisons bt current subjects who did received the intervention and former subjects who did not. Case controls V- Case studies w/o controls- expertise |
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Best type of research using Sackett's classification |
Class I |
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Appraisal Rating system of literature review |
Grade A: Supported by ≥1 Level I studies
Grade B: Supported by ≥1 Level II study
Grade C: Supported by level III, IV or V studies |
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What happened during the Nazi war crimes? |
Sterilization experiments |
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What was one of the first codes to be written to prevent harm to research participates? |
Nuremberg Code |
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What occurred during the Jewish chronic disease hospital study? |
Developed info on the nature of the human transplant rejection process, 1963 Involve the injection of live cancer cells into pts who were hospitalized with various chronic debilitating diseases |
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What occurred during the Willowbrook Study? |
1963-1966, Willowbrook state school, "mentally defective persons" Subjects (all children) were deliberately infected with the hepatitis virus- via feces, later serum |
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What occurred during the radiation tests on mentally impaired boys? |
1946-1956, 19 boys were fed radioactive milk by researchers who wanted to learn more about the digestive system Fed radioactive forms of iron and calcium to the boys to study the body's ability to digest minerals |
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What was the first set of ethical guidelines written by researchers and physicians in 1964? |
Declaration of Helsinki |
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What is the significance of the Beecher: "Ethics of Clinical Research" article written in 1966? |
Was published in the New England Journal of Medicine; documented to the research community the unethical human research that had been performed *A neutral person should be overlooking research and approve |
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When was the Belmont report published? |
1978 |
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What is the minimum number of people on an IRB board? |
5 |
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Ex: Want to measure area of a room. Using measurement of length and width (Face/Content, Criterion, Construct, Internal/External Validity) |
Construct Validity |
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Ex: Want to know if new shoes will be popular. Survey a group of people at the mall (Face/Content, Criterion, Construct, Internal/External Validity) |
Internal/External Validity |
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Ex: Want to measure popularity. Use Facebook to create the "P scale" (Face/Content, Criterion, Construct, Internal/External Validity) |
Criterion Validity |
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Ex: Want to measure cardiac health. Use blood pressure cuff (Face/Content, Criterion, Construct, Internal/External Validity) |
Construct Validity Face validity |
