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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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scales of measurement |
magnitude, equal intervals, absolute zero |
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nominal |
the most basic measurement & used for classifying & naming (gender, political affiliation, race) |
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ordinal |
refers to rank order and are characterized by magnitude (height-short, average, tall) |
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interval |
possess magnitude and equal intervals (temperature-100 vs 105 degrees) |
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ratio |
the most advanced and precise measurement scale (time and money) |
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reliability |
refers to consistency and the extent to which a test eliminates chance and other extraneous errors in its results (individual errors; test error; testing condition error) |
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measurement error |
the positive or negative bias within an observed score three elements: observed score (X), true score (T), error score (e) X=T-e |
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correlation |
the extent to which two sets of measures are related (the strength of the relationship)/about the relationship not necessarily about numbers same relationship: -1.0 no relationship: -0.0 reverse order: -1.0 |
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coefficient of determination |
correlation squared (r) squared explains the shared variance between two variables. if r=.80, r^2=64% |
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correlation coefficient |
measures the degree between two variables that are linearly related. the sign of each variable indicates whether the 2 variables tend to rank (+ same order/- reverse order) and the magnitude indicates the strength of the relationship. the larger the correlation indicates a stronger relationship (+/- 1.00), but it dependent on what items are being correlated. |
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types of reliability |
test-retest alternate form internal consistency (spilt-half, interitem reliability) interrater reliability |
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test-rest reliability |
trait test should be repeatable over time. for example: testing the same test 2x within periods of time btn each administration. it is calculated by finding the correlation of mean of the individual scores for each administration. |
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alternate form reliability |
the crucial question is whether or not the 2 forms are actually equivalent (eg PRA) |
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internal consistency reliability types |
items within the test split half interitem reliability |
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spilt half |
odd & even items share similarities |
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interitem |
items related to overall test |
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interrater reliability |
refers to the degree of agreement between two or more independent judges. it is calculated by the ratio btn the judges agreement and possible agreement. |
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validity |
the extent to which meaningful and appropriate inferences made from the test. reliability is a precursor to validity- a test can only be as valid as it is reliable |
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types of validity |
content criterion-related construct treatment *face |
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content validity |
refers to the degree that items represent the domain of interest involves defining the domain & identifying items that refer to that domain |
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criterion-related validity |
comparing test scores with performance on a criterion measure concurrent: SAT & HS GPA (consider range) predictive: SAT & college GPA |
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construct validity |
synonymous with the term validity itself; refers to the psychological meaning of the test itself |
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treatment |
do the results obtained from the test make a difference in tx. if the test results are useful, if they make a difference in the counseling process, then the test could be said to have tx validity. |
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face validity |
not evidence of validity; refers to the assessment looking like what it is supposed to |
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converging |
measuring items that are in the same direction (depression/fatigue). measures similar characteristics/substantial correlation |
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divergent |
towards construct of what you want/not substantially correlated with other tests from which they're supposed to differ (math test vs. clerical speed) |
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false negative |
occurs when a person obtains a score below the cutoff score, but actually meets criteria (eg suicidality) |
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false positive |
occurs when a person obtains a score above the cutoff score, but does not meet criteria (eg severe depression vs. suicidality) |
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sensitivity |
picking up all, including the false negatives (MMPI-2 depression scale) |
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specificity |
excluding all that do not meet criteria, including false positives (3 suicide questions) |
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measures of central tendency |
mean, median, mode |
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mean |
arithmetic average (most frequently used) M= sum of scores/# of individuals |
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median |
50th percentile (line up all the scores in order and the middle most value) |
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mode |
the most frequently occuring score |
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variability |
refers to the variation or range in scores |
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3 types of score reference |
norm-referenced criterion-referenced self-referenced |
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norm-referenced |
a comparison of scores with other individuals |
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criterion-referenced |
comparison with an absolute score est. by an authority |
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self-referenced |
comparison of scores obtained by the same individual |
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standard deviation |
most frequently reported measure of variability the larger the SD, the greater the dispersion of scores |
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range |
refers to the distance btn the lowest & highest score +1 R= (LS-HS)+1 range can never be 0 |
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normal curve |
normal distribution-3 measures of central tendency are equal SD & Percentiles -/+ 3SD (~.1 or 99th) -/+ 2SD (~2 or 98th) -/+ 1SD (~16 or 84th) |
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histograms |
used with quantitative variables |
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bar graphs |
depict nominal data |
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Positive skew |
majority of scores left (mode, median, mean) |
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negative skew |
majority of scores right (mean, median, mode) *median is best in both |
