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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Statistical Significance |
An observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance. |
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Anecdotal Evidence |
Evidence based on individual cases; is typically not representative of a larger group. |
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Available Data |
Data that was produced in the past. |
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Observational Study |
A study that observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses. |
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Experiment |
A study where subjects are exposed to a treatment and the responses are recorded. |
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Experimental Units |
Non-human things that receive a treatment.
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Subjects |
Humans that receive a treatment. |
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Treatment |
The variable imposed upon the subjects/experimental units. |
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The 3 principles of Experimental Design |
1. Compare two or more treatments, this reduces the effects of lurking variables in the response. 2. Randomize, use interpersonal chance to assign experimental units to treatments. 3. Repeat each treatment on many units to reduce chance variation in the results. |
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Block |
A group of experimental units/subjects that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments. |
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Block Design |
The random assignment of units to treatments is carried out separately within each block. |
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Population |
The entire group of individuals that we want information about. |
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Sample |
A part of the population that we actually examine in order to gather information. |
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Voluntary Response Sample |
Consists of people who choose themselves by responding to a general appeal. These samples are biases because people with strong opinions are most likely to respond. |
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Simple Random Sample (SRS) |
Consists of size n and n individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected. |
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Probability Sample |
A sample chosen by chance. |
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Stratified Random Sample |
Divide the population into strata and then choose a separate SRS in each strata and combine them to form the sample. |
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Strata |
Groups of similar individuals. |
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Undercoverage |
Occurs when some groups in a population are left out of the process of choosing the sample. |
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Nonresponse |
Occurs when an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or does not cooperate. |
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Parameter |
A number that describes the population. |
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Statistic |
A number that describes the sample. |
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Sampling Distribution |
The distribution of values taken by the statistic in all possible samples of the same size from the same population. |
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Variability of a statistic |
Described by the spread of its sampling distribution. |
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Random |
When individual outcomes are uncertain but there is nonetheless a regular distribution of outcomes in a large number of repetitions. |
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Probability |
The proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions. |
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Sample Space (S) |
The set of all possible outcomes. |
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Event |
An outcome or a set of outcomes of a random phenomenon. |
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Disjoint |
When two events have no outcomes in common. |
