Stats

Front 1

why do formal research in psych?

Back 1

so we can test and justify our claims and its what distinguishes psych from other social sciences.

Front 2

why publish method, analyses and results/

Back 2

so conclusions can be scrutinised by others, we can look at the strength of effects, makes us accountable.

Front 3

What does the truthfulness of research results depend upon?

Back 3

quality of design, quality of measures, nature of the effects and match between the results and the conclusions.

Front 4

which studies are the only ones that determine causality/

Back 4

experiments

Front 5

problem with correlational studies..

Back 5

reverse causality and that another factor was responsible for the relationship between A and B. A spurious relationship.

Front 6

to establish causation you must have three things..

Back 6

covariation - change in IV leads to change in DV
temporal order - cause must come before effect
no alternative explainations.

Front 7

Designing an experiment so that there are no alternative explanations is otherwise known as..

Back 7

increasing internal validity

Front 8

What are history effects?

Back 8

large scale events that affect your sample alongside the IV.

Front 9

What are instrumentation effects?

Back 9

changes in measurement throughout the study because of unfamiliarity with the assessment tool. or changes with the way measurement is interpreted.

Front 10

What is the affect of selection on internal validity

Back 10

can cause nonequivalence of groups ie self selection

Front 11

Testing effects?

Back 11

Differences in one set of measurements due to an earlier one. ie practice effects or might be more accurate second time around.

Front 12

Experimenter bias

Back 12

Where the researcher treats the groups differently either intentionally or unintentionally. or have to use subjective judgement.

Front 13

regression towards the mean

Back 13

where scores second time around are closer to the mean score. can be up or down.

Front 14

confounds

Back 14

something that varies systematically with the IV rther than an extraneous variable.

Front 15

Attrition

Back 15

Can cause inequality in groups. If its even across groups its OK.

Front 16

Nonspecific treatment effects

Back 16

Where other things such as jut having a treatment affect the DV rather than the treatment itself.

Front 17

Observee reactivity

Back 17

where people act differently because they are being watched.

Front 18

Social desirability

Back 18

giving the 'right' answer because you think thats whats needed. Still a prob even when anonymous.

Front 19

maturation effects

Back 19

natural change over time.

Front 20

Demand effects

Back 20

influence by the presence of the researcher. Wanting to report an improvement.

Front 21

How do you control these threats to internal validity?

Back 21

by using random allocation and an appropriate control condition.

Front 22

what is a quasi experimental design? What are the two types?

Back 22

Where Ps are not randomly allocated which means that your groups may not be even, but sometimes this is the only way to do it because of ethics. Two types are static comparisons and pretest postest nonequiv groups design.

Front 23

what is a static group comparison?

Back 23

where you have two nonrandomly allocated groups and you look at the effect of something on each group, where one gets the something and one does not. ie antenatal classes

Front 24

Problem with static group comparisons/

Back 24

self selection. Groups might differ on something else as well.

Front 25

What is a factorial design/

Back 25

Where there are two or more IVs manipulated and all combinations of the IVs are tested

Front 26

How are factorial designs described?

Back 26

2x2= two IVs with two levels each
2x3=two IVs, one with two levels one with 3
2x3x2=three IVs. two with 2 levels and one with 3 levels.

Front 27

What are psychometric characteristics/

Back 27

the reliability and validity of a measure.

Front 28

Construct validity is..

Back 28

the degree to which the test actually tests what you want it to. the truthfulness of the measures

Front 29

Face validity

Back 29

the degree to which the test appears to test something.

Front 30

content validity

Back 30

the degree to which the test tests the whole contruct and not just part of it.

Front 31

criterion validity

Back 31

the relationship between the measure and an external construct that relies on it.

Front 32

concurrent and predictive validity are two examples of what type of validity?

Back 32

criterion.

Front 33

convergent validity

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how much the measurement converges/correlates with measurements of similar constructs.

Front 34

discriminant or divergent validity

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the opposite to convergent validity.

Front 35

The quality of study relies upon..

Back 35

construct validity, internal and external validity

Front 36

What is reliability?

Back 36

the consistency of a measure.

Front 37

What does Cronbach's alpha measure?

Back 37

the internal consistency -reliability! items that test the same thing should have a high correlation.

Front 38

What is item-total correlation/

Back 38

where individual items are correlated with the total score.

Front 39

Does reliability guarantee validity?

Back 39

No. it can be reliably wrong.

Front 40

What are the standards for ethical research?

Back 40

informed consent, voluntary, ethics committee consent, anonymous, debriefed afterwards, can withdraw at any time, do no harm, confidential

Front 41

What are some of the probs with questiionaire questions?

Back 41

SURDIQUALVS

Front 42

what is regression?

Back 42

clever correlations that can handle more than two continous variables or a categorical IV.

Front 43

types of regressions

Back 43

simple regression -just a correlation
multiple regression

Front 44

types of multiple regression

Back 44

simultaneous multiple regression
hierarchical multiple regression

Front 45

simultaneous regressions...

Back 45

all variables put in together and SPSS works out which ones are most important.

Front 46

multiple regressions are good for answering what types of qns?

Back 46

can look at combined influence and separate influence of IVs on the DV.
Can control for one IV while looking at another
can look at interactions.

Front 47

an example of an interaction

Back 47

when the affect of self esteem on body sat is diffferent for men than for women.

Front 48

What is a mediation?

Back 48

the effects of an intervening variable on the outcome. Where A causes B and b causes C. A causal relationship

Front 49

What does the test of mediation do?

Back 49

it allows us to get rid of the mediating factor and look at the effect of one IV on the DV.

Front 50

What does the test of an interaction tell us?

Back 50

the main effect of each Iv on the DV and the sig of the interaction itself.

Front 51

A mediation exists when..

Back 51

there is less effect on the DV of one IV when the other DV has been removed.

Front 52

What the three steps to testing a mediation hypothesis?

Back 52

1 check preconditions for a mediation exist by a correlation.
2do a simple regression to test whether A affects C without B for comparison purposes. R square will tell the variance explained by A.
3. Controlling for b, the second regression will tell how much additional variance is explained by A. This is evident in R square change.
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