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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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empiricism
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the use of observation to obtain information
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Does everyday observation employ the empirical approach?
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Yes
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Term used to refer to the individuals being studied?
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Participants
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Everyday observation is an example of
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Empirical approach
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Experimental Study
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Treatments are given to see how the participants respond to them
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Treatments
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Independent variable
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Responses
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Dependent variable
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What is the purpose of an experiment?
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To identify cause and effect relationships
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Nonexperimental study
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One in which no treatments are administered
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Population
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consists of all members of a group
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Sample
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A subset of a population
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Population yields
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Parameters
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Bias
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Exists whenever some members of a population have a greater chance of being selected than others
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Samples of convenience are
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Biased
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Simple Random Sampling
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each member of a population is given an equal chance of being selected.
Unbiased sample |
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is selecting a large sample an effective way to reduce the effects of bias in sampling?
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No
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Is all research in which biased samples are used worthless?
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No
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Nominal
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The lowest level of measurement
Naming level |
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Ordinal
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measurement puts participants in rank order
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Interval and Ration
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Measure how much participants differ from each other
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Which scale of measurement has an absolute zero?
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Ratio
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No oil in Rivers
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Nominal
Ordinal Interval Rivers |
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Descriptive statistics
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Summarize data
Average Range of scores Percentages |
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Inferential Statistics
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are tools that tell us how much confidence we can have when generalizing from a sample to a population
Margin of error |
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Margin of error
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Reported as a warning to readers of research that random sampling may have produced errors, which should be considered when interpreting results
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Census
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Is a study in which all members of a population are included
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Why are inferential statistics not needed when analyzing the results of a census?
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Because there is no sampling error
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