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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Statistics
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the science of learning from data
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individual
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the objects described in a set of data
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cases
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objects that we want to study that aren't people (individuals)
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variable
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any characteristic of an individual. can take different values for different individuals
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categorical variable
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places an individual into one of two or more categories
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quantitative variable
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takes numerical value. arithmetic operations (such as adding and averaging) make sense.
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distribution
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the distribution of a variable tells us what values it takes and how often
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exploratory data analysis
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examining data using statistical tools or ideas in order to describe their main features
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distribution of a categorical variable
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lists the categories a categorical variable can assume and gives eiher the count or the percent of individuals who fall in each category
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tails of a distribution
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the extreme values of a distribution
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histogram
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a histogram breaks the range of values of a variable into classes and displays only the count o percent of the observations that fall into each class. *this shows the distribution of a single variable, doesnt compare size of different items like a bar graph
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outlier
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an individual value that falls outside the overall pattern
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midpoint of data
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the value in a set of data with roughly half the observations taking smaller values and half taking larger values
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symmetric
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a graph is symmetric if the values smaller and larger than its midpoint are mirror images of each other
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skewed to the right
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a graph is skewed to the right if the right tail is much longer than the left tail
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skewed to the left
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a graph is skewed to the left if the left tail is much longer than the right tail
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what does a graph look like that is unimodal
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a unimodal graph has one major peak
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time plot
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a time plot of a variable plots each observation against the time at which it was measured
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trend (in a time series)
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a trend in a time series is a persistent, long-term rise or fall
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time series
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measurements of a variable taken at regular intervals over time
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