Statistics Intro

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Statistics

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The art and science if collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data.

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Statistics

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Considered the backbone of research.

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Collection

Organization

Presentation

Analysis

Interpretation

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5 statistic ***** to deal with data

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Statistics

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Recorded data such as the number if business permits issued, number of customers eating at a restaurant, the size enrollment at USLS, and so on.

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Statistics

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Numerical characteristic calculated for a set of data.

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Descriptive Statistics

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Deals with organizing and summarizing observations so that they are easier to comprehend.

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Descriptive Statistics

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Used to describe the basic features of the data in a study.

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Descriptive Statistics

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Provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures.

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Inferential Statistics

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Deals with the formulation of inferences about conditions that exist in a population from study of a sample drawn from a population.

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Inferential Statistics

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Make inferences from the data to more general conditions.

Generate conclusions about the population based on sample data.

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Specific

Measurable

Attainable

Realistic

Time Bound

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Formulation of the problem (5)

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Population

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All subjects under investigation

The set of all elements of interest in a particular study.

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Sample

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Subset of population

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Variable

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Measurable characteristic of the subject

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Variable

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Any entity that can take on different values.

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Constant

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Opposite of variable

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Central Tendency

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General characteristic of the grouo

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Variance in the group

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How individual members of the group vary from he average characteristic of the group

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Difference within the group/ between groups

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Whether or not subgroups of the group/ two separate groups being studied are different or similar on certain traits investigated.

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Relationship within the group

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If relationship between certain variables covered in the study exist

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Prediction

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Establishing a mathematical/statistical model to predict future outcomes.

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Descriptive

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Limited to the description of the particular group being studied

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Descriptive

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A conclusion cannot be applied to cases outside the study group.

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Analytic goals

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Directed toward finding out from the data one or more of the following attributes if characteristics of the group being studied.

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Central Tendency

Variance in the group

Difference within the group/between group

Relationship within the group

Prediction

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5 Analytic goals.

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Descriptive

Inferential

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2 types of analysis

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Inferential

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Application of the findings or conclusions from a small group to a large group from which the smaller group was drawn.

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Qualitative/Categorical

Quantitative Numerical

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Two types of variables.

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Discrete Variable

Continuous Variable

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Two types of quantitative e numerical

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Qualitative/Categorical

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Attributes are I'm terms of categories.

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Quantitative/Numerical

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attributes are in terms of counts or measurements.

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Discrete Variable

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Uses in process of counting to generate data

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Discrete Variable

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Values of attributes are in terms of whole numbers only.

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Continuous Variable

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Uses the process of measuring to generate data.

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Continuous Variable

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Values of attributes may have fractional or decimal parts.

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Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

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2 functions of variables

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Functions of variables

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Important if the investigation is about cause and effect.

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Independent Variable

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What the researcher or nature manipulated.

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Dependent Variable

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What is affected by the independent variable.

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Measurement

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Process of assigning numbers to observations.

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Nominal Level

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Consists of numbers which indicate categories for purely classification or identification purposes.

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Exclusive

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Observations cannot fall into more than one category.

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Exhaustive

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There must be enough categories for all observation.

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Ordinal level

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Possesses rank order characteristics.

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Ordinal Level

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The categories must still be mutually exclusive and exhaustive but they also indicate the order of magnitude of some variable.

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Interval Level

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Has all properties of ordinal scale.

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Interval Level

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A given interval (distance) between scores has the same meaning anywhere on the scale.

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Ratio level

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Has true absolute point and possesses all the characteristics or the interval scale.

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Intervals

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Provide information about how much better one value is compared with another.