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100 Cards in this Set
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Analysis of variance / simple analysis of variance / one-way analysis of variance
(分散分析) |
A test for the difference between two of more means. A simple analysis of variance (or ANOVA) has only one independent variable, whereas a factorial analysis of variance tests the means of more than one independent variable. One-way analysis of the variance looks for differences between the means of more than two groups.
分散分析(ぶんさんぶんせき analysis of variance, 略称 ANOVA)は、観測データにおける変動を誤差変動と各要因およびそれらの交互作用による変動に分解することによって、要因および交互作用の効果を判定する、統計的仮説検定の一手法である。 |
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Arthmetic mean
(算術平均) |
A measure of the central tendency that sums all the scores in the date sets and divides by the number of scores.
算術平均(さんじゅつへいきん[1]、arithmetic mean)または相加平均(そうかへいきん[2])は数学および統計学において、標本空間の代表値を導出する手法の1つであり、文脈上明らかな場合は単に平均とも呼ぶ。 |
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Asymptotic
(漸近的) |
The quality of the normal curve such that the tails never touch the horizontal axis.
(ぜんきんてき) |
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Average
(代表値) |
The most representative score in a set of scores.
(だいひょうち) ある変数の分布を要約する統計量。変数の測定尺度により異なるが,平均値(間隔尺度以上),中央値(順序尺度以上),最頻値(名義尺度以上)など分布の位置を表す統計量の総称。日常用語の「平均」は average の意味で使われることが多いが,統計学上の「平均値」は mean である。 別のページも参照のこと。 |
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Bell-shaped curve / normal curve
鐘形曲線 |
A distribution of scores that is symmetirical about the mean, median, and mode and has asymptotic tails.
鐘形曲線(しょうけいきょくせん)正規分布を表す左右対称の曲線 |
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Class interval
階級幅 |
The upper and lower boundry of a set of scores used in the creation of a frequency distribution.
(かいきゅうふく) |
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Coefficient of alienation / coefficient of nondetermination
離間係数 |
The amount of variences unaccounted for in the relationship between two variables.
(りかんけいすう) |
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Coefficient of determination
決定係数 |
The amont of varience accounted for in the relationship between two variables.
重相関係数の 2 乗である。寄与率とも呼ばれる。独立変数が従属変数のどれくらいを説明できるかを表す。この値が低いということは,得られた重回帰式の予測能力が低いことを意味する。 |
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Concurrent criterion validity
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A type of validity that examins how well a test outcome is consistent with a criterion that occurs in the present.
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confidence interval
確信間隔 |
The best estimate of the range of a population value given the sample value.
確信間隔(かくしんかんかく) |
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construct validity
構成概念妥当性 |
A type of test that examines how well a test reflects an underlying construct.
構成概念妥当性(こうせいがいねんだとうせい) |
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content validity
内容妥当性 |
A type of validity that examins how well a test samples a universe of items.
内容妥当性(ないようだとうせい) |
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correlation coefficient / Pearson product-moment correlation
相関係数 |
A numerical index that reflects the relationship between two variables.
相関係数(そうかんけいすう):2つの変数の動きが連動する度合いを示す統計数値 |
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correlation matrix
相関行列 |
A set of correlation coefficients.
相関行列(そうかんぎょうれつ) |
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criterion
判定基準 |
Another term for the outcome variable.
判定基準(はんていきじゅん) ~の判定基準に従って~ |
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criterion validity
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A type of validity that examins how well a test reflects some criterion that occurs in either the present (concurrent) or the future (predictive).
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critical value
臨界値 |
The value necessary for rejection (or nonacceptance) of the null hypothesis.
臨界値(りんかいち) |
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cumulative frequency distribution
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A frequency distribution that shows frequencies for class intervals along with the cumulative frequency for each.
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data
データ |
a record of an observation or an event such as a test score, a grade in math class, or response time.
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data point
データ要素 |
An observation.
データ要素(データようそ) |
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data set
データセット |
A set of data points.
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degrees of freedom
自由度 |
A value that is different for different statistical tests and approximates the sample size of number of individual cells in an experimental design.
自由度(じゆうど) |
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dependent variable
従属変数 |
The outcome variable or the predicted variable in a regression equation.
従属変数(じゅうぞくへんすう):関数 y=f(x)において、独立変数 x の変化に応じて変わる y をいう語。 |
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descriptive statistics
記述統計 |
Values that describe the characteristics of a sample or population.
記述統計(きじゅつとうけい):記述統計とは、統計の手法のひとつで、収集したデータの平均や分散、標準偏差などを計算して分布を明らかし、データの示す傾向や性質を把握する手法のことである。 |
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direct correlation
直接相関 |
A positive correlation where they values of both variables change in the same direction.
直接相関(ちょくせつそうかん) |
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directional research hypothesis
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A research hypothesis that includes a statement of inequality.
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error in prediction/estimate
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The difference between the actual score (Y) and the predicate score (Y)
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error score
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The part of a test score that is random and contributes to the unreliability of a test.
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factorial analysis of variance
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An analysis of variance with more than one factor or independent variable.
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factorial design
要因配置実験 |
A research design where there is more than once treatment variable.
要因配置実験(よういんはいちじっけん) |
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frequency distribution
度数分布 |
A method for illustrating the distribution of scores within class intervals.
度数分布(どすうぶんぷ)とは、統計において標本として得られたある変量の値のリストである。一般に量の大小の順で並べ、各数値が現われた個数を表示する表(度数分布表)で示される。 |
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frequency polygon
度数分布多角形 |
A graphical representation of a frequency distribution.
度数分布多角形(どすうぶんぷたかくけい) |
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histogram
ヒストグラム・柱状図 |
A graphical representation of a frequency distribution.
ヒストグラム, 柱状図(ちゅうじょうず):分布を表わす棒グラフ |
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hypothesis
仮説 |
An if-then statement of conjecture that relates variables to one another.
仮説(かせつ)とは、ある現象を理論的に統一して説明するために立てられた経験科学上の仮定。その真偽の検証は、仮説から必然的に演繹(えんえき)された諸命題を実験や観察によるテストで確かめることによってなされる。検証された仮説は法則や理論として公認される。 |
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independent variable
独立度数 |
The treatment variable that is manipulated or the predictor variable in a regression equation.
独立度数(どくりつどすう) |
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indirect correlation
間接相関 |
A negative correlation where the values of variables move in opposite directions.
間接相関(かんせつそうかん) |
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inferential statistics
推測統計 |
Tools that are used to infer the results based on a sample to a population.
推測統計(すいそくとうけい) |
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interaction effect
相互作用効果 |
The outcome where the effect of one factor is differentiated across another factor.
相互作用効果(そうごさようこうか) |
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internal consistency reliability
内部整合信頼性 |
A type of reliability that examins the one-dimensional nature of an assessment tool.
内部整合信頼性(ないぶせいごうしんらいせい) |
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interrater reliability
評価者間の信頼性 |
A type of reliability that examines the consistency of raters.
評価者間の信頼性(ひょうかしゃかんノしんらいせい) |
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interval level of measurement
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A level of measurement that is defined by the equal appearance of spacing or values between points along the scale.
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kurtosis
尖度 |
The quality of a distribution such that is it flat or peaked.
尖度(せんど、Kurtosis)とは、確率変数の確率密度関数や頻度分布のとんがり具合を表す数字。正規分布と比べて、尖度が大きければ鋭いピークと長く太い裾を持った分布を持ち,尖度が小さければより丸みがかったピークと短く細い尾を持った分布であるという事が判断できる。 |
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leptokurtic
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The quality of a normal curve that defines its peakedness.
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line of best fit
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the regression line that best fits the actual scores and minimizes the error in prediction.
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linear correlation
線形相関 |
A correclation that is best expressed as a straight line.
線形相関(せんけいそうかん) |
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main effect
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In analysis of variance, when a factor or an independent variable has a significant effect upon the outcome variable.
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mean
平均 |
A type of average where scores are summed and divided by the number of observations.
平均(へいきん) |
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mean deviation
平均偏差 |
The average deviation for all scores from the mean of a distribution.
平均偏差(へいきんへんさ)とは測定値と平均値のずれの程度を表す。「算術平均値との差の絶対値」の和の平均値である。統計学的には扱いが難しいのであまり使われることはない。 |
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measures of central tendancy
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The mean, median, and mode.
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median
中央値 |
The point at which 50% of the cases in a distribution fall below and 50% fall above.
中央値(ちゅうおうち、英: median)は、代表値の一つで、有限個のデータを小さい順に並べたとき中央に位置する値。 |
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midpoint
中点 |
The central point in a class interval.
中点(ちゅうてん)は、ある2点を両端とする線分上にあり、その両端から等しい距離にある点のことである。 |
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mode
最頻値 |
The most frequently occuring score in a distribution.
最頻値(さいひんち) |
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multiple regression
重回帰 |
A statistical technique where several variables are used to predict one.
重回帰(じゅうかいき)とは統計学的手法の一つ.従属変数を,これに影響を及ぼすと考えられる他の多くの独立変数の挙動を観察し,これに基づいて記述する方式. |
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nominal level of measurement
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The most gross level of measurement where variables can be placed in catagories.
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nondirectional research hypothesis
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A hypothesis that posits no direction, but a difference.
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nonparametric statistics
ノンパラメトリック統計 |
distribution-free statistics
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normal curve
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bell-shaped curve
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null hypothesis
帰無仮説 |
A statement of equality between sets of variables.
帰無仮説(きむかせつ)とは統計的仮説検定のためにたてる仮説をいう。 |
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observed score
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The score that is recorded or observed.
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obtained value / test statistic value
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the value that results from the application of a statistical test.
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Ogive
累積度数分布曲線 |
A visual representation of a cumulative frequency distribution.
累積度数分布曲線(るいせきどすうぶんぷきょくせん) |
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One-sample Z test
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Used for comparing a sample mean to a population mean.
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One-tailed test
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A directional test.
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ordinal level of measurement
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A level of measurement that is characterized by things being ordered.
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outliers
外れ値 |
Those scores in a distribution that are noticeably much more extreme than the majority of scores. Exactly what schore is an outlier is usually an arbitrary decision made by the researcher.
外れ値(はずれち) |
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parallel forms reliability
並列形式信頼性 |
A type of reliability that examins the consistancy across different forms of the same test.
並列形式信頼性(へいれつけいしきしんらいせい) |
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parametric statistics
パラメトリック統計学 |
Statistics used for the inference from a sample to a population.
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percentile point
パーセンタイル点 |
The point at or below where a score appears.
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platykurtic
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The quality of a normal curve that defines its flateness.
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population
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All the possible subjects or cases of interest.
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post hoc
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After the fact, referring to tests done to determine the true source of a difference between three or more groups.
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predictive validity
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A type of validity that examines how well a test outcome is consistent with a criterion that occurs in the future.
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Predictor
予測装置 |
The variable that predicts an outcome.
予測装置(よそくそうち) |
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range
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The highest minus the lowest score and a gross measure of variability. Exclusive range is the highest score minus the lowest score. Inclusive range is the highest score minus the lowest score plus 1.
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ratio level of measurement
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A level of measurement defined as having an absolute zero.
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regression equation
回帰方程式 |
The equation that defines the points and the line that are closest to the actual scores.
回帰方程式(回帰ほうていしき)1つの変数(x)の選択された値ともう片方の(y)の観測値との関係を表す方程式 |
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regression line
回帰直線 |
The line drawn based on the values in the regression equation.
回帰直線(かいきちょくせん)とは、散布図において、予定値を求める際に用いられる直線のことである。2組のデータの中心的な分布傾向を表すもので、最小二乗法と呼ばれる算術を用いて求められる。 |
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reliability
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The quality of a test such that it is consistent.
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research hypothesis
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A statement of inequality between two variables.
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sample
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A subset of a population
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sampling error
サンプリング誤差 |
The difference between sample and population values.
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scale of measurement
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Different ways of categorizing measurement outcomes.
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scattergram or scatterplot
散布図 |
A plot of paired data points.
散布図(さんぷず)とは、2種類の項目を縦軸と横軸にとり、プロット(打点)により作成される図のことである。品質管理における「QC7つ道具」の1つとして数えられている。 |
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significance level
危険率 |
The risk set by the researcher for rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true.
危険率(きけんりつ)とは統計的仮説検定で第 1 種の過誤をおかす確率。有意水準も参照のこと。詳しくは,検定の概念を参照のこと。 |
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skew or skewness
スキュー |
The quality of a distribution that defines the disproportionate frequency of certain scores. a longer right tail than left corresponds to a smaller number of occurences at the high end of the distribution. A shorter right tail than left corresponds to a larger number of occurrences at the high end of the distribution; this is a negatively skewed distribution.
スキューとは「斜め」とか「ゆがんだ」という意味で,磁気テープ上の1字を構成する各ビットの読出し時間に差が出ることを,スキューが発生したという.読取りヘッドの構造,テープ走行用ガイド,あるいはテープ自体のひずみなどの原因で発生し,リードエラーの要因となる。テープの列が指定された基準から外れている角度方向又は長手方向の偏位. |
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source table
ソーステーブル |
A listing of sources of variance in an analysis of variance summary table.
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standard deviation
標準偏差 |
The average deviation from the mean.
標準偏差(ひょうじゅんへんさ)とは資料の散らばりの度合を表す数値。平均値と各資料の値の差(偏差)を二乗し、それを算術平均した値の平方根として求める。標準偏差が小さいことは、平均値のまわりの散らばりの度合が小さいことを示す。SD 。 |
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standard error or estimate
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A measure of accuracy in prediction.
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statistics
統計 |
A set of tools and techniques used to organize and interpret information.
統計(とうけい)とは集団現象を数量的に把握すること。一定集団について、調査すべき事項を定め、その集団の性質・傾向を数量的に表すこと。 |
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test-retest reliability
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A type of reliability that examines consistency over time.
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true score
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The unobservable part of an observed score that reflects the actual ability or behavior.
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two-tailed test
両測検定 |
A test of a nondirectional hypothesis where the direction of the difference is of little importance.
両測検定(りょうそくけんてい) |
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Type I error
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The probability of rejecting a null hypothesis.
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Type II error
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The probability of accepting a null hypothesis when it is false.
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unbiased estimate
不偏推定値 |
A conservative estimate of a population parameter.
不偏推定値(ふへんすいていち) |
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validity
有効性 |
The quality of a test such that it measures what it says it does.
有効性(ゆうこうせい) |
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variability
変動性 |
The amount of spread or dispersion in a set of scores.
変動性(へんどうせい) |
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variance
分散 |
The square of the standard deviation, and another measure of a distribution's spread or dispersion.
分散(ぶんさん) |
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Y' or Y prime
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The predicate Y value.
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z score / standard score
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A raw score that is adjusted for the mean and standard deviation of the distribution from which the raw score comes.
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