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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is statistics?
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the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze and draw conclusions from data!
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descriptive statistics
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consists of the collection, organization, summarization and presentation of data.
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inferential statistics
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consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations, hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions.
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probability
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the chance of an event occurring.
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a population
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consists of all subjects that are being studied .
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a sample
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a group of subjects selected from the population.
(most of the time it is too costly, or too inconvenient to use an entire population, so samples are more commonly used.) |
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NOMINAL level of measurement
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classifies data into MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE categories where no order or ranking can be imposed on the data
*ZIP CODE, GENDER, EYE COLOR, RELIGION, MAJOR FEILD, NATIONALITY* |
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ORDINAL level of measurement
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puts data into categories that can be ranked, but PRECISE differences between the ranks do not exist.
*GRADE :A,B,C,D,F ; JUDGING:1ST,2ND,3RD ; RATING SCALE:POOR, GOOD, GREAT; RANKING OF PLAYERS. |
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INTERVAL level of measurement
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RANKS DATA, precise differences exist, but no meaningful/ true zero.
*SAT SCORE, IQ SCORE, TEMPERATURE* BASICALLY WHEN CHOOSING LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT USE PROCESS OF ELIMINATION FOR THAT SHIIIIT :D YEEA |
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RATIO level of measurement
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ranks data, precise differences exist, and there is a true / meaningful zero
* HEIGHT, WEIGHT, TIME, SALARY, AGE* example: bob can lift 200 pounds. bill can lift 300 pounds. ratio 200 to 300 or 2 to 3 |
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Qualitative variables
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variables that can be placed into distinct categories according to some categoristic or attribute.
ex: gender, religion, hair color, location |
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Quantitative variables
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they are numerical and can be ranked.
ex: heights, weights, body temps. |
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Discrete variables
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they can be assigned values such as 0,1,2,3 and are "countable"
ex: # of kids in a family, # of kids in class, # of calls received (see there are no half kids/calls.) |
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Continuous variables
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can assume an infinite number of values in an interval between 2 specific values.
ex: temperatures 80 degrees and 82 degrees. between them could be 80.1, 80.11, 80.12 degrees and so forth! |
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Observational study
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when you observe and don't interact.
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Experimental study
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ex: the placebo effect, give people certain things and watch and record the outcomes.
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Simulation study
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using math / a computer to do a study because it isn't practical to really do the study in real life.
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Survey Study
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asking questions to gain info..EASSSSSY DUDE, EASY as cake :)
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Random sample
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no system to picking the sample
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Stratified sample
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split into categories (sex, hair color, ect) then pick random sample from each category.
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Cluster sample
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when the population naturally falls into categories [ex: nj=population, natural categories include counties, cities, zipcodes...] must use EVERYONE in the cluster you RANDOMLY choose.
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Systematic sample
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get data from every X number
ex: inspect every 10th toy out of 1000, ask every 3rd person a question out of 100. |
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Convenience sample
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when people come to you and you ask them stuff.
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Detached Statistics
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ex: "my food has 1/3 fewer calories" it is detached ya see! 1/3 fewer than what??
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Ambiguous averages
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people use mean, median, and mode as the average. the only true average is the mean.
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Faulty survey question
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a question where opinions can greatly change based on what words are included in the sentence.
ex: do u want free college?... yes do u want taxes to be raised by $5,000 in your state so free college will be available?....no |
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"Changing the subject"
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ex: I'm going in November / I'm going in 7 weeks.
saying it in different ways to change the responses...... i think lol |
