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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Research Designs can be divided into two basic types __________ designs and __________ designs.
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a. Group
b. Single-subject |
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Group designs are classified as ________, _________ or _______.
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a. between-groups
b. within-subjects c. mixed |
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Between-group designs
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When a between groups design is used, the effects of different levels of the independent variable are assessed by administering each level to a different group of subjects and then comparing the status or performance of the subjects on the dependent variable.
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Whenever a study includes two or more independent variables, it is called a _________.
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Factorial design
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What is the difference between a main effect and an interaction.
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Main effect is the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, disregarding the effects of all other independent variables, while an interaction occurs when the effects of an independent variable differ at different levels of another independent variable.
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Within-subjects (repeated measures) design
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all levels of the independent variable are administered sequentially to all subjects. Comparisons of different levels of the independent variable are made within subjects rather than between groups of subjects.
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A ________ design is a type of within subjects design where the effects of a treatment are evaluated by measuring the dependent variable several times at different intervals both before and after treatment is applied. The subjects act as their own controls.
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single-group time-series design
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What is autocorrelation?
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When subjects' performance on the post-tests correlates with their performance on the pretests. Autocorrelation can inflate the value of the inferential statistic thereby resulting in an increased probability of a Type I error.
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Mixed Design
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combines between groups and within subjects methodologies.
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Two characteristics that distinguish single subject designs from group designs.
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1. Each single-subject design includes at least one baseline (no treatment) phase and one treatment phase. As a result, each subject acts as his/her own no-treatment control.
2. The dependent variable is measured repeatedly at regular intervals throughout the baseline and treatment phases. |
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Most commonly used single-subject design
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AB design and multiple baseline
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AB Design
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Includes a single baseline (A) and a single treatment (B) phase. The dependent variable is measured at regular intervals during both phases.
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Reversal Design
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Extension of AB design that involves withdrawal of the treatment during the second and subsequent baseline phases.
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Multiple Baseline Design
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Used when reversal design is inappropriate for ethical or practical reasons. Multiple Baseline does not require withdrawal of a treatment during the course of the study but instead involves sequentially applying treatment either to different behaviors in the same subject (multiple baseline across behaviors); to the same subject in different settings (multiple baseline across settings); or to the same behavior of different subjects (multiple baseline across subjects).
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To determine main effects in a practice example on the test, what would you do?
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- calculate marginal means for IV-1.
- if the marginal means are different, you can tentatively conclude there are main effects for the self-control procedure - repeat steps one and two for IV-2 |
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To determine if there is an interaction effect on a practice example, what would you do?
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- examine cell means on one IV across the different levels of IV-2
- see if the effect of tx varies at different levels of IV2 - if so, interpret the interaction |
