Statistics

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Statistics

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Set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information

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Population

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The entire set of the individuals of interest for a particular research question

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Sample

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A set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in research study

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Variable

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Characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

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Data

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(Plural) measurements or observations

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Data Set

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A collection of measurements or observations

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Datum

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(Singular) is a single measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or raw score

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Score or Raw Score

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Parameter

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A value, usually a numerical value that describes a population. Usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population

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A statistic

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A value, usually a numerical value, that describes a sample. A statistic is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample

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Descriptive Statistics

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Statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

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Inferential Statistics

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Consist of techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected

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Sampling Error

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Naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

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Correlation Method

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Two different variables are observed to determine whether there is a relationship between them.

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Experimental Method

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One variable is manipulated while the other variable is observed and measured. To establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the two variables to prevent them from influencing the results

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Independent Variable

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Is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher.

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Dependent Variable

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The variable that is observed to assess the effect of the treatment

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Control Condition

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Do not receive the experimental treatment. Instead they either receive no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment.

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Control Group

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Individuals in the control condition

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Experimental Condition

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Experimental treatment or treatment condition

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Experimental Group

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Receives experimental condition or treatment

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Quasi-independent variable

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In a non experimental study, the "independent" variable that is used to create the different group scores

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Constructs

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Internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior

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Also known as hypothetical constructs

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Operational definition

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Identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of an internal construct

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First describes set of operations for measuring a construct. Second, it defines the construct in terms of the resulting measurements

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Discrete Variable

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Consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist between two neighboring categories

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Continuous Variable

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There are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values. A continuous variable is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts

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Food i.e. pie

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Real Limits

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The boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line. The real limit separating two adjacent scores is located exactly halfway between the scores. Each score has two real limits, upper real limit and lower real limit.

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Upper Real Limit

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URL is at the top of the interval

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Lower Real Limit

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LRL is at the bottom of the interval

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Nominal Scale

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Consists of a set of categories that have different names. Measurements on a nominal Scale label and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations

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Ordinal Scale

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Consists of a set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence. Measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms of size or magnitude

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Interval Scale

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Consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size. Equal differences in magnitude. However, the zero point on an interval Scale us arbitrary and does not indicate a zero amount of the variable big measured.

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Ratio Scale

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Is an interval Scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point. With a ratio scale, ratios of numbers do reflect ratios of magnitude.