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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Indepentent Variable (IV)
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affect or alter status on another V
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Dependent Variable (DV)
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depends on status from another V
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Ptotocol Analysis
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Content analysis of cognitive processes
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Interval recording
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observing a beh'r for a peroid of time
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Event sampling
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observing a beh'r each time occurs
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Simple random sampling
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Ea member of pop has equal chance of being selected
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Stratefied random sampling
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dividing pop into strata and randomly selecting subs
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cluster sampling
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selecting units of ind rather than inds and either including all inds or randomly selecting from units
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extraneous Variable
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(confounding)
source of systematic error. irrelevant V |
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Techs to control effects of extraneous Variable
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random assignment
holding ext v constant matching subs on ext v building ext into study (blocking) statistical control- Ancova |
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internal validity
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determine if a causal relat exists
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maturation
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extraneous V
biological or psychological change that occurs to sub during course of study as a function of time internal |
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history
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external event which affects subs
external |
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testing
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when exposure to test alters subs performance
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instrumentation
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accuracy of measures or procedures
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interaction betw selection and treatment
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subs characteristics make them respond in a certain way that can't be generalized to pop
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reactivity
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respond in a certain way when know observed
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demand characteristics
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Cues that inform subs of study purpose or what is expected
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mutliple treatment interference
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exposing subs to 2 or more levels on IV
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counterbalance design
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control treatment interference- sub receive levels in randon order
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between groups designs
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effects of dif levels of IV assessed by admin ea level to a dif grp of subs and then comparing the status
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factorial design
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2 or more IV
through info relat among V's analysis the main effect of IV and interaction between them |
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main effect
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effecton 1 IV onthe DV, disregardign effects of all other IV
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interaction
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effects of an IV differ at dif levels of another IV
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within subs design
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all levels of the IV are administered sequentailly to all subs
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autocorrelation
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subs performance on post-tests is likely correlated to performance on pretests.
can inflate the value therey increasing chance of Type I error |
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mixed design
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combo of between grp and within sub methologies
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AB design
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simple single sub
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ABA, ABAB reversal designs
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more than baseline and or more than one treatment
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multiple baseline design
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if reversal unethical
not require withdrawal of treatment |
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nominal scale
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unordered cats
eg) sex |
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ordinal scale
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divides into cats and gives info on order
eg ranks and Likert |
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interval scale
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order, equal intervals
eg) IQ tests |
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ratio scale
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order, equal intervals and absolute zero pt.
eg) Kelvin scale, no correct answers, reaction in seconds |
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postively skewed
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mo,md,m
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negativley skewed
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m, md, mo
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range
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subtract lowest score from highest
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variance (meam square)
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all of the scores
ss/n-1 |
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standard deviation
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measure of variablity
sq root ss/n-1 |
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central limit theorem
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as sample size increases, samplling distribution of the mean approaches normal distribution
the mean of the sampling dist = pop mean sd of the mean= pop SD divided by the sq rt of the sample size |
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standard error of the mean
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sd of a sampling dist of the mean
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alpha
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size of rejection region
.05 or 5% = rejection; 95% is retention rejection region always in tail |
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type I error
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reject true null
equals alpha |
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type II error
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retains a false null
equals beta |
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parametric tests
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pop mean, variance, other parameters
interval or ratio scale. when a study has more than 1 grp has homoscedasticity and value of interest in normally dist. in pop. |
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nonparametric tests
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analyze data collected on variables on a nominal or ordinal scale.
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chi square
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analyze frequency of observations of a nominal variable
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mann-whitmey u test
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Nonparametric
ordinal data study includes 2 independent grps and data on DV is reported in ranks |
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wilcoxon matched-pairs signed ranks test
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two correlated (matched) grps and the dif between the DV scores of subs who have been matched in pairs are converted to ranks
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kruskal-wallis test
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sim to mann-whitney
study included 2 or more indepentdent grps and the data to be analyzewd are ranks |
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student t tes
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eval dif between 2 means
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analysis of variance
ANOVA |
compare 2 or more means
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factorial ANOVA
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study has 2 or more IV
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randomized block factorial ANOVA
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blocking has been used to control ext V
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repeated measures ANOVA
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within sub design in wch dif levels of the IV or combo of the levels of 2 or > IV are sequentially given to ea sub
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analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
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combo of anova and regression analysis.
control ext v by statistically removing the portion of variability in the DV caused by the ext V |
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mixed (split-polt) anova
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mixed design.
at least one IV is a between-grp V and IV is a within-sub V |
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trend analysis
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1 or > quantitative IV and eval form of relat between IV and DV
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mutivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
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1 or > IV and 2 or > DV that are ea measured on an interval or ratio scale.
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correlation coefficient
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sums the degree of association bet V with a single number Pearson r
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mutlivaraite techs
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assess degree of association among 3 or > V and make predications that involve at least 2 predicators and 1 criterion
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mutliple regression
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2 or > continuous or discrete preds will be used to predict status on a continous criterion
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canonical correlation
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extensionof multiple regression
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discriminant function analysis
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2 or > continuous preds will be used to predict or est a person's status on a single nominal criterion
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logistic regression
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predict status on a single discrete criterion using 2 or > cont or discrete preds.
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path analysis
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extension of multiple regression
translating a theory about the causal relationship among a set of variables into a path diagram |
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LISREL
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path analysis
used when a causal model includes recursive (1 way) and non-recursive (2 way)paths. exams the relat between observed V and takes into account the latent traits those V are believed to measure and the effects of measurement error. |
