State & Local Goverment

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Evidence-based- practices

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the process of using high-quality information to inform decisions that are made about government policies

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Capacity

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the ability of a government to accomplish policy goals, either generally or in reference to specific aims.

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Jurisdiction

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The official power to make legal decisions and judgements

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Federalism

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a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government.

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Proactive

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controlling a situation by causing something to happen rather than waiting to respond to it after it happens

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Rainy day funds-

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help states avoid layoffs and cuts, thereby mitigating the inequitable harms that result from recessions

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Downsize

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the permanent reduction of a company's labor force through the elimination of unproductive workers or divisions

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Rebrand

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changing the corporate image of an organisation.

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Transparency

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government's obligation to share information with citizens that is needed to make informed decisions

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Sunbelt

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that part of the U.S. comprising most of the states of the South and the Southwest, characterized by a warm, sunny climate and regarded as an area of rapid population and economic growth.

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Frost belt

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the region near the Great Lakes in North America where heavy snowfall in the form of lake-effect snow is particularly common

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Political culture

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widely shared beliefs, values, and norms that define the relationship between citizens and government, and citizens to one another.

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Individualistic political culture

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politics oriented toward personal gain, that the United States could be divided into three distinct political cultures: moralistic, individualistic, and traditionalistic.

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Moralistic political culture

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involved the government trying to build the good society; individuals were expected to participate as part of their civic duty.

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Culture

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the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group

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Culture wars

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a conflict between groups, especially liberal and conservative groups, that have different cultural ideals, beliefs, or philosophies.

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Urinary system

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eliminates waste from the body

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Confederation

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an organization which consists of a number of parties or groups united in an alliance or league

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Federal system

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a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government

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Delegated powers

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powers granted to the national government under the United States Constitution

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Concurrent powers

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powers of a federal state that are shared by both the federal government and each constituent political unit

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nation-centered federalism

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a theory holding that the national government is dominant over the states

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State-centered federalism

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a theory holding that the national government represents a voluntary compact or agreement between the states, which retain a dominant position

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reserved powers

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powers that are not specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution

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Tenth Amendment

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powers not granted to the United States were reserved to the States or to the people.

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compact theory

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an interpretation of the Constitution which holds that the United States was formed through a compact agreed upon by all the states, and that the federal government is thus a creation of the states.

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national supremacy clause

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establishes that the federal constitution, and federal law generally, take precedence over state laws, and even state constitutions.

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necessary and proper clause

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gives Congress power to make “all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution” other federal powers

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implied powers

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political powers granted to the United States government that aren't explicitly stated in the Constitution

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commerce clause

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gives Congress broad power to regulate interstate commerce and restricts states from impairing interstate commerce.

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general welfare clause

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allows that the governing body empowered by the document to enact laws to promote the general welfare of the people

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Fourteenth Amendment

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granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to anyone born in the United States or who became a citizen of the country.

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Sixteenth Amendment

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The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

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federal preemption

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When state law and federal law conflict, federal law displaces, or preempts, state law, due to the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution.

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Dual federalism

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is a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments

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cooperative federalism

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is defined as a flexible relationship between the federal and state governments in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs.

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creative federalism

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the type of federalism that shifted more power towards the national government by bypassing state governments and allowing the federal government to have direct control over statewide programs.

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new federalism

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is a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states.

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devolution

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the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration.

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coercive federalism

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describes federal efforts to bend subnational governments to its will through financial withholdings and regulatory initiatives

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grant-in-aid

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is federal money granted to a recipient to fund a project or program.

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categorical grant

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are funds the federal government gives to state and local governments to spend on specific activities within specific programs.

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block grant

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grant programs that provide federal assistance for broadly defined functions, such as community development or social services.

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formula grant

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are funding programs that you do not compete for, even though you must submit an application and meet other specified requirements.

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project grant

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are sums of money awarded to fund a specific project or the production of a particular deliverable.

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federal mandate

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requirements imposed on state, local, or tribal governments or on entities in the private sector that are not conditions of aid or tied to participation in voluntary federal programs.

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nation-centered federalism

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a theory holding that the national government is dominant over the states