State And Local Politics Exam 1

Front 1

the decentralization of power and authority from a central government to state or local governments

Back 1

decentralization

Front 2

the general and informal set of beliefs and attitudes that politics in a state or community.

Back 2

political culture

Front 3

a place where individuals can work to advance their personal economic and social interests largely the same as they would do in private.

Back 3

Individualistic

Front 4

intended to enhance the public good and for the uplifting of the have-nots of society.

Back 4

moralistic

Front 5

the domain or social and economic elites and that the have-nots ought not to get involved in politics

Back 5

traditionalistic

Front 6

the characteristics of a population including size age and ethinicity

Back 6

sociodemographics

Front 7

to ensure the protection of the individual from the federal government

Back 7

Bill of Rights

Front 8

money in a broad program

Back 8

block grant

Front 9

a federal grant-in-aid program that provides financial aid to subnational units but doesn't prescribe how those units are to allocate funding

Back 9

General Revenue Sharing

Front 10

a federal arrangement whereby responbilities for most governmental functions are interdependent shared between the gederal and state government

Back 10

cooperative federalism

Front 11

governmental functions are apportioned so that the nation and subnational governments are accrded sovereign power within their respective spheres

Back 11

dual federalism

Front 12

all powers not expressly delegated or forbiddent to the federal government are reserved for the states

Back 12

tenth amendment

Front 13

grants power to congress to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the other congressional powers listed in Article 1 section 8 of the constitution

Back 13

necessary and proper clause

Front 14

part of the us constitution which requires that the states amust mutually accept one another's public ats records and judicial proceedings

Back 14

full faith and credit clause

Front 15

constitutional theory promoting the right of a state to declare a null and void a law passed by the U.S. Congress that the state found to be unconstutuional or disagreeable.

Back 15

nullification

Front 16

laws passed by legislatures authorizing the transfer of money to the executive branch

Back 16

Appropriation Bills

Front 17

legal documents drawn up by the bristish crown that spelled ou how the colonies were to governed

Back 17

Colonial Charters

Front 18

a form of primary nomination election in which voters registered with a political party are permitted to vote only for candidates of the party with whom they are registered

Back 18

Closed primaries

Front 19

a primary nomination election in which any registered voter including independents can participate

Back 19

open primaries

Front 20

a set of moral and political rules based on divine law and binding on all people

Back 20

natural law

Front 21

a vote of the entire electorate to approve a constitutional change referencum or ballot initiative

Back 21

ratification

Front 22

primary refers to an election to nominate candidates for the general election where candidates have no party labels and all voters can participate

Back 22

nonpartisan election

Front 23

population refers to all us residents age 18 and over

Back 23

voting age

Front 24

population refers to all us citizens age 18 and over who are not excluded from voter eligibility due to criminal status or due to being declared incompetent to vote

Back 24

voting eligible population

Front 25

a single person represents a jurisdiction or just one person can win an elected position the candidate with the most votes is elected

Back 25

winners take all

Front 26

policies or actions providing broad benefits, rather than narrow benefits to a specific group

Back 26

public goods

Front 27

the rules, laws and organizations through which and by which governments function

Back 27

public institutions

Front 28

the authoritative apparatus by which people organize themselves to achieve common goals

Back 28

Government

Front 29

decisions and actions by government to accomplish common goals

Back 29

Public Policy

Front 30

Potential answer to a research question supported by a theoretical explanation

Back 30

Hypothesis

Front 31

the structural (Constitutional) relationship between the national government and the states

Back 31

Federalism

Front 32

includes federal, state, and local governments

Back 32

intergovernmental relations

Front 33

stipulates that the U.S. Constitution and national laws and treaties “shall be the supreme law of the land…”

Back 33

National Supremacy Clause

Front 34

gives Congress the power “to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States and with the Indian Tribes.”

Back 34

Commerce Clause

Front 35

ensures that residents of one state cannot be discriminated against by another state when it comes to fundamental matters, such as access to the courts or equality in taxation

Back 35

The Privleges and Immunities Clause

Front 36

when the federal government takes regulatory action to override state laws

Back 36

Preemption

Front 37

empowers national government

Back 37

centralizations

Front 38

money to the states

Back 38

Categorical Grants

Front 39

federal government influences social and economic change

Back 39

Coercive

Front 40

many new federal programs

Back 40

Creative Federalism

Front 41

differences between those who participate & those who don’t

Back 41

Participation Bias

Front 42

predicts that groups seeking economic benefits (tax breaks, subsidies) from governments are more likely to remain organized and well funded than groups seeking “public” benefits, such as parks and consumer protections

Back 42

Collective Action Theory

Front 43

communicating with elected officials in general, as well as the systematic effort to shape public policy by pressuring governmental officials to make decisions in line with the goals of an organized interest

Back 43

Lobbying

Front 44

a rare, often spontaneous form of illegal action using physical violence

Back 44

Rioting

Front 45

closing polling places, not allowing voters to register

Back 45

Racial Gerrymandering

Front 46

allowed whites to vote regardless of whether they paid a poll tax or pass a literacy test

Back 46

Grandfather Clauses

Front 47

these types of elections offer minority candidates more opportunities to win than standard at-large elections

Back 47

Cumulative Voting

Front 48

number of representatives for a geographic area

Back 48

District Magnitude

Front 49

two or more candidates represent a district

Back 49

multi-member district

Front 50

full public financing

Back 50

Clean Money

Front 51

some instances of this at the state level; also one-party rule

Back 51

Multi-Party Politics

Front 52

elected officials have some control over the items that are placed on the ballots for the voters

Back 52

Legislative Referendum

Front 53

allows person or group to petition to have a public vote on something the legislature has already approved

Back 53

Popular Referendum

Front 54

allows a person or group to propose a bill, collect signatures, and vote on the bill

Back 54

direct initiative

Front 55

involves a petition to have the legislature consider a bill proposed by citizens

Back 55

indirect initiative

Front 56

allows a person or group to petition for a public vote to remove an official

Back 56

Recall

Front 57

one of the most influential third parties in history

Back 57

Populist Party

Front 58

a controversial issue that one party uses to split the voters in the other party

Back 58

wedge issues

Front 59

organizations that choose, support and nominate candidates for elected office

Back 59

Political Parties

Front 60

groups that struggle to control the message within a party

Back 60

Factions

Front 61

voters select members of the party

Back 61

Direct Primary

Front 62

meeting of party members

Back 62

Caucus

Front 63

may allow independents to vote in party primary

Back 63

semi-closed primary

Front 64

registered voters may vote in any party’s primary, but they must declare which party’s primary they want

Back 64

Semi-open primary

Front 65

individuals who are not consistently loyal to candidates of any one party

Back 65

Swing Voters

Front 66

any registered voter may vote in the primary for any candidate

Back 66

Blanket Primary

Front 67

permitting two or more parties to nominate the same candidate for office

Back 67

Party Fusion

Front 68

individual’s attachment to a party

Back 68

Party Identification

Front 69

consistent, coherent belief system

Back 69

Political Ideology

Front 70

increasing shift to independents

Back 70

Partisan Dealignment

Front 71

system whereby nonelected government positions were given out to loyal supporters

Back 71

Spoils System

Front 72

the positions given to loyal supporters by elected officials in repayment for support

Back 72

Patronage Appointments

Front 73

political organizations controlled by a small number of people and run for selfish or partisan ends

Back 73

Political Machines

Front 74

campaign funds not regulated by federal election laws, originally intended to be used for party building and for state and local general electioneering activities

Back 74

Soft Money

Front 75

groups formed for the purpose of raising money to elect or defeat political candidates; usually represent business, union or ideological interests

Back 75

Political Action Committees