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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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10th Amendment
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-Powers not delegated in constitution to fed gov. are reserved for states. -Since local gov. isn't mentioned, states reserve powers of them |
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Reasons to devolve |
It's becoming more complex to govern particular issues so the central government has to allow for various policies to be controlled by smaller forms of government for efficiency |
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Dillon's Rule |
-The legal principle that says local governments can exercise only the powers granted to them by state government -10 states ignore this rule |
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Consequences of Dillon's rule |
-State regulations on taxes, titles, personnel, pensions, etc. -States can limit eminent domain -States create unfunded mandates -Local govs. have to increase unpopular levies to pay for these programs |
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Home Rule |
Freedom to make local decisions without interference from state government |
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Charter |
-Grants home rule to local governments -spells out the powers and purposes of local government -local municipality's "constitution" |
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General Act Charters |
Chaters which apply municipal governments within a state |
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Special Act Charters |
Charters which affects a single municipal government |
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Arguments for home rule |
-Reflects local desires (more interaction with citizens) -Has popularity amongst citizens |
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Arguments against home rule |
-Locals more susceptible to special interests than the state -Raises costs for solving regional issues -Increased litigation costs -Uncertainty: states treat citizens more equally |
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Structural |
Power to choose the form of government, charter |
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Functional |
Power to exercise local self government in a broad or limited matter |
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Fiscal |
Authority to determine revenue sources, set tax rates, borrow funds, and other related financial activities |
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Personnel |
Authority to set employment rules, remuneration rates, employment conditions, and collective bargaining |
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Cooley's rule |
-challenged Dillon's rule arguing municipalities have some inherent powers -municipalities can act without authorization |
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Empirical Reality |
Lack of empirical evidence showing link between local government autonomy and Dillon's law |
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Types of County Government |
-48 of 50 states are operational county governments -2 of 50 states are boroughs and parishes -Diversity in size and population |
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Forms of County Government (Commission) |
Legislative authority and executive powers are exercised jointly by an elected commission |
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Commission/Administrator |
The county board of commissioners appoints an administrator to serve the functions of hiring department heads and budgeting |
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Council/Executive |
-Focused on separation of powers -Appointed or elected county executive is the chief administrative officer |
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County Clerk |
Handles elections, paperwork, records |
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County Assessor |
Responsible for valuing real and personal property |
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County Treasurer |
Responsible for receipt, custody, and disbursement of funds |
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County Sheriff |
Chief law enforcement officer of the county |
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County Attorney |
Appointed officer who advises all county officers on legal matters |
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Functions of Counties (State mandated) -assessment -record -maintenance |
-assessment of property -record keeping -maintenance of rural roads - administrator of election and judicial functions -social services -New programs: Consumer protection, economic development, employment/training, planning/zoning, water quality, wide variation, jails |
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Functions of Counties (New Programs) |
-Consumer protection -economic development -employment/training -planning/zoning -water quality -wide variation -jails |
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Metropolitan Area |
A populous region typically comprising a city and surrounding communities that have a high degree of social and economic integration |
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Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) |
An area with a city of 50,000 or more people together with adjacent urban communities that have strong ties to the central city |
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Megaregion |
An urban area made up of several large cities and their surrounding urban areas that creates an interlocking economic and social system |
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Effects of Megaregions (gov) |
-megaregions contain dozens of governments trying to balance local and regional interests -This is difficult due to a lack of regional government
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Edgeless Cities |
Office and retail complexes without clear boundaries, which often become ghost towns at night |
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Sprawl |
The rapid growth of a metropolitan area, typically as a result of specific types of zoning and development |
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Zoning laws |
Regulations that control how land can be used |
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Single-use zoning |
When land is used for single uses creating a separation of where people work, live, and play |
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Low Density Development |
Development practices that spread (rather than concentrate) populations across the land |
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Leapfrog Development |
Development practices in which new developments jump over established developments, leaving undeveloped or underdeveloped land between developed areas |
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Impact Fees |
Fees that municipalities charge builders of new housing or commercial developments to help offset the costs of extending services such as fire, parks, schools, etc. in these developments |
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Car-Dependent Living |
-A situation in which owning a car for transportation is a necessity -an outcome of singe-use low-density development |
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Results of sprawl |
Unplanned growth, with no systematic coordination to balance local benefits with regional costs -spread out across large geographical areas -gobbling up previously rural areas -replacing rural areas with low-density, single-use developments |
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Cons of metropolitan growth |
-primary cause of traffic congestion and smog -concentration of poverty and crime into certain neighborhoods -segregation of race and class -inequality in public services, fiscal resources, and political powers -Poor people cannot commute to suburbs where jobs are |
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White Flight |
A demographic trend in which the middle and upper classes leave central cities for predominantly white suburbs |
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Exurbs |
Municipalities in rural areas that ring suburbs. They typically serve as bedroom communities for the prosperous, providing rural homes with easy access to urban areas |
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Reform Perspective |
An approach to filling gaps in service and reducing redundancies in local governments that calls for regional-level solutions |
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Urban growth boundary |
-A border established around urban areas that is intended to control the density and type of development -Critics argue this drives up price of land |
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Regional Council |
-A planning and advisory organization whose members include multiple local governments -Often used to administer state and federal programs that target regions |
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Metropolitan Planning Organization |
A regional organization that decides how federal transportation funds are allocated within that regional area |
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Smart Growth |
Environmentally friendly development practices, particularly those that emphasize more efficient infrastructure and less dependence on automobiles |
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Interjurisdictional Agreement |
A formal or informal agreement between two or more local governments to cooperate on a program or policy |
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City-County Consolidation |
The merger of separate local governments in an effort to reduce bureaucratic redundancy and service inefficiencies |
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Annexation |
-The legal incorporation of one jurisdiction or territory into another -The jurisdiction that does the annexing is the more politically powerful one -Can create conflict with some residents of unincorporated areas seeing is a land grab that threatens to develop their rural communities |
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Gentrification |
The physical rehabilitation of urban areas, which attracts investment from developers and drives up property values |
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Public Choice Model |
-A model of politics that views government and public services in market terms -Governments are seen as producers of public services and citizens are seen as consumers |
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Tiebout Model |
-A model of local government based on market principles -A metro area is made up of a series of micro-political jurisdictions -They attract or repel certain citizens on the basis of their services and costs -Requires highly mobile informed citizens |
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Rural Flight |
Movement of youth and the middle class from rural areas to more urban areas |
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Strong Mayor
-C -D -A -H -C |
-CEO
-Directs admin. structure -Appoints and removes department heads -Has veto power -Council does not oversee daily activities |
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Weak Mayor
-C -L -C -M |
-Council has legislative and legal authority
-Limited or no veto power -Can be prevented from effectively managing operations -There may be many admin. boards which operate independently from the city |
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-city council oversees the general administration, makes policy, sets budget
-Council appoints a professional city manager to carry out day to day admin. operations -Mayor is usually chosen from amongst the council on a rotating basis |
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Mayor-council
-ES -SA/B Powers |
-elected separately from council, is often full time, with significant administrative and budgetary powers
-Can have weak or strong powers -Council is elected and maintains legislative powers -Some cities appoint city manager to maintain limited administrative authority |
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Municipalities |
-Political jurisdictions, such as cities, villages, or towns, incorporated under state law to provide governance to defined geographic areas -More compact and more densely populated than counties |
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Counties |
Geographical subdivisions of state government |
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Cities |
Incorporated political jurisdictions formed to provide self-governance to particular localities |
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Townships |
-Local governments whose powers, governance structure, and legal status vary considerably from state to state -In some states, townships function as general-purpose municipalities -In others, they are geographical subdivisions of counties with few responsibilities and little power |
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Mayor |
The elected chief executive of a municipality |
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City Council |
A municipality's legislature |
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City Manager |
An official appointed to be the chief administrator of a municipality |
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Wards |
Divisions of municipalities, usually representing electoral districts of the city council |
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City Commission System -E/L/A |
A form of municipal governance in which executive, legislative, and administrative powers are vested in elected city commissioners |
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Town Meeting Form of Gov. |
A form of governance in which legislative powers are held by the local citizens |
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Special District |
A local governmental unit created for a single purpose, such as water distribution |
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Simpsons |
-Homer runs for sanitation commissioner -makes ridiculous promises -Runs through budget within first month -Collects other municipality's trash -Springfield floods with trash |
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Jackson (guest speaker) |
-Chose city management b/c of internship at Winsdsor, and directly see payoff of work -Came to csu and studies Pol Sci. and history -Going to city management program at Kansas |
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Andy Hixson (Guest Speaker) |
-City manager at Manchester, Missouri -Went to Wichita St. |
