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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Progressive Taxes
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Rate paid reflects ability to pay
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Regressive Taxes
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Taxies levied on all taxpayers, regardless of income or ability to pay
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Tax Burden
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A measurement of taxes paid as a proportion of income.
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Sales Taxes
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Taxes levied by state and local governments on purchases
(largest source of tax revenue) |
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Property Taxes
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Taxes on housing which primarily supports local government
(2nd largest source of tax revenue) |
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Income Taxes
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Taxes on wages and interest earned
(3rd largest source of tax revenue) |
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Severance Fees
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Taxes on natural resources removed from a state
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Excise (sin) Taxes
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Taxes on alcohol, tobacco, etc that are designed to raise revenues and reduce use
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Estate Taxes
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Taxies levied on a person's estate or total holdings after their death
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Gift Taxes
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Taxes imposed on money transfers made during an individuals lifetime
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User (impact) Fees
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Hidden charges levied by governments in exchange for services (i.e construction)
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Focused Consumption Taxes
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-Taxes that do not alter spending habits or behavior patters
-Do not distort the distribution of resources |
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Insurance Trust Funds
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Money collected from contributions, assessments, insurance premiums, and payroll taxes
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Intergovernmental Transfers
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Funds provided by the federal government to state governments and by state governments to local governments
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Capital Investments
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-Investments in infrastructure
-Exp. of what bonds are used to pay for |
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General Obligation Bonds
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Investments secured by the taxing power of the jurisdiction that issues them
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Revenue Bonds
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Investments secured by the revenue generated by a state or municipal project
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Bonds
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Certificates that are evidence of debts on which the issuer promises to pay the holders a specified amount of interest for a specified length of time and to repay the loans on their maturity
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Budget process
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Procedure by which state and local govs. assess revenues and set budgets
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Fiscal Year
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The annual accounting period used by gov.
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Balanced Budget
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Budget in which expenditures (spending) are equal to or less than income
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Discretionary Spending
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Spending controlled in annual appropriations acts
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Fiscal Federalism
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The system by which federal grants are used to fund programs and services provided by state and local govs.
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Entitlement
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A service that gov. must provide, regardless of cost
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Common Expenditures
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-Wages
-Education -Healthcare -Welfare -Fire, Police, Prisons -Highways |
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Government Accounting Standards Board
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-States conduct accounting and financial reporting based on GASB.
-GASB 45 in 2004, rule that made healthcare benefits and finances more transparent |
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Open Primary
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A nominating election that is open to all registered voters regardless of their party affiliations
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Closed Primary
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A nominating election in which only voters belonging to that party may participate.
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General Election
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A decisive election in which all registered voters cast ballots for their preferred candidates for a political office
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Independent Expenditures
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Funds spent on ad campaigns or other political activities that are run by a party or an outside group without direct knowledge or approval of a particular candidate for office
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Soft Money
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Money not subject to federal regulation that can be raised and spent by state political parties
(banned federal elections in 2002) |
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Realignment
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The switching of popular support from one party to another
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Dealignment
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The lack of nationwide dominance by any one political party
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Reasons for why some states are more competitive than others
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-Increased mobility of American people
-Some states dominated by single party -Interest groups -Safe districts |
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Ticket Splitting
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Voters' or districts' voting for different parties' nominees for different office
(i.e supporting a Republican as president, and Democrat for Congress) |
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Contract Lobbyist
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A lobbyist who works for different causes for different clients in the same way that a lawyer represents more than one client
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Cause lobbyist
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A person who works for an organization that tracks and promotes an issue
(i.e lobbyist for gun ownership rights for NRA) |
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Direct Lobbying
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A form of lobbying in which lobbyists deal with legislators to gain their support
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Indirect Lobbying
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A form of lobbying in which lobbyists build support for their cause through the media, rallies, and other ways of influencing public opinion, with the ultimate goal of swaying legislators to support their cause
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Coalition
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Group formed for a particular interest
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Stages of Policy Process
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-Issue Framing
-Agenda Setting -Policy Formulation -Advocacy and Policy Dialogues -Data Analysis |
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Stages of Policy Process
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-Agenda
-Formulation -Adoption -Implementation -Evaluation |
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Community Policing
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-Emphasizes police officers' forming relationships with neighborhood residents and engaging in collaborative problem solving
-Experimented with in 60s, late 80s and early 90s (Rodney King) |
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Broken Windows Policing
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-Policing that emphasizes maintaining public order, based on the theory that disorder unattended breeds crime
-Late 80s early 90s (subway crime) |
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Professional Model of Policing
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-Emphasizes professional relations with citizens, police independence, police in cars, and rapid responses to calls for services
-Embraced in 70s (911 emergency number) |
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Recidivism
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Tendency of criminals to relapse into criminal behavior and be returned to prison
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Community, or restorative, justice movement
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Emphasizes nontraditional punishment, such as community service
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Medicaid
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A joint state and federal health insurance program that serves low-income mothers and children, the elderly, and people with disabilities
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Medicare
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Federal program which provides health insurance for people who are over 65 or have a disability
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Chip
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State-based, and provides insurance to children in families whose incomes are modest but too high to qualify for medicare
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Obesity
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The medical condition of being excessively overweight, defined as having a BMI over 25
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Pandemic
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An outbreak of a disease that spreads across a large geographical area and affects a high proportion of the population
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Entitlement
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A gov.-run program that guarantees unlimited assistance to those who meet its eligibility requirements, no matter how high the cost
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Means Tested
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Gov. program that gives assistance to those who could not make due without it
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Safety Net
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Programs seeking to keep the poor or vulnerable over the poverty line or threshold
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Devolution Revolution
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States upset that Medicaid supposed to be fed-state joint, however fed. had most the power
States look for new ways of care so they can make people healthier and save money |
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Welfare Reform
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-1996 Clinton replaced AFDC w/ TANF
-Required many welfare recipients to work -5 year cap on federal payments -Gave states freedom to set benefit levels, eligibility requirements, and financial incentives and penalties -Entitlement to Block grant -Welfare recipients decreased |
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Welfare Reform Wisconsin
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-1987
-Governor Tommy Thompson -Invited welfare mothers to lunch -Focus on getting welfare recipients any job -Welfare recipients required to work -State provided child care and transportation to work |
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Adaptation
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Taking steps to prepare for and deal with the effects of climate change
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Zoning Laws
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Regulations that control how land can be used
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Partial Preemption
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Federal government's assumption of many regulatory powers pertaining to the environment
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Energy Paradox
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Many people underinvest in energy efficiency measures which would more than pay themselves off b/c of
-missing costs -market failures -behavioral issues |
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Alex Laskey Ted Talk
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Social pressure is biggest factor
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Department of Education
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A state-level agency responsible for overseeing public education
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School Board
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An elected or appointed body that determines major policies and budgets for a school district
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School district
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A local administrative jurisdiction that hires staff and reports a school board on the management of area public schools
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Accredidation
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A certification process in which outside experts visit a school or college to evaluate whether it is meeting minimum quality standards
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Capital Outlays
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School funding that focuses on long-term improvements to physical assetts
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Charter Schools
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Public schools, often with unique themes, managed by teachers, principals, social workers, or non profit groups. Launched in the early 90s.
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School Voucher Movement
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Movement dating to the 1950s to allow taxpayer dollars to be given to families to use at whatever public, private, or parochial schools they choose
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Criterion-Referenced Test
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Designed to gauge a student;s mastery of a given set of materials
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Norm-referenced Test
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Designed to measure how a student's mastery of a set of materials compares with that of a specifically designed sampling of students determined to be the national norm for that age group
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National Assessment of Educational Progress
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Regularly conducted, independent survey of what a nationally representative sample of students in grades four, eight, twelve know and can do in various subjects; known as the nation's report card
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Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
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A regularly updated study launched by the US in 1995 that compares the performance in science and math of students in forty-six countries
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San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
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1973 supreme court ruling where it was found that a large Mexican American population was paying 25% higher than that paid by people in nearby affluent districts
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Serrano v Priest
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1971 case found that poorer schools were getting less funding
Denied fundamental right to good-quality schools |
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First Wave Development
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-Smoke stack chasing
-industrial recruitment through financial incentives such as tax abatement |
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Second Wave Development
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-Retain and expand existing firms
-Increase on focus of small businesses |
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Third Wave Development
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Increases focus on strategies such as public-private partnerships, establishing regional networks, developing industrial clusters, increasing human capital
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Fourth Wave Development
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Environmental quality and self sufficiency
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State Regulated natural resources
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-Hunting-Private Land-Utilities-Transmission-Water-Oil and Natural Gas
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