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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the area of statistics concerned with organizing and summarizing the inevitable variability in collections of actual observations or scores
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descriptive statistics
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the area of statistics that provides tools for generalizing beyond collections of actual observations
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inferential statistics
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any complete collection of observations or potential observations
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population
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any smaller collection of actual observations from a population
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sample
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a procedure designed to ensure that each potential observation in the population has equal chance of being selected in a survey
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random sampling
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a procedure designed to ensure that each person has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in an experiment
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random assignment
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a collection of observations or scores in a survey or an experiment
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data
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a set of observations where any single observation is a word, letter, or numerical code that represents a class or category
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qualitative data
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a set of observations where any single observation is a number that indicates relative standing
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ranked data
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specifies the extent to which a number actually represents some attribute and has implications for the appropriateness of various arithmetic operations and statistical procedures
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level of measurement
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words, letters, or numerical codes of qualitative data that reflect differences in kind based on classification
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nominal measurement
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relative standing of ranked data reflects differences in degree based on order
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ordinal measurement
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amounts or counts of quantitative data reflect differences in degrees based on equal intervals and a true zero
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interval/ratio measurement
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a characteristic or property that can take on different values
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variable
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a characteristic or property that can take on only one value
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constant
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a variable that consists of isolated numbers separated by gaps
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discrete variable
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a variable that consists of numbers whose values have no restrictions
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continuous variable
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occur whenever numbers are rounded off, as is always the case with values for continuous variables
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approximate numbers
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a study in which the investigator decides who receives special treatment
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experiment
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the treatment manipulated by the investigator in an experiment
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independent variable
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a variable that is believed to have been influenced by the independent variable
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dependent variable
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a study that focuses on detecting relationships between variables not manipulated by the investigator
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observational study
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an uncontrolled variable that compromises the interpretation of a study
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confounding variable
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